HOT WATER SUPPLY IN

STRUCTURES
GROUP 02 – ALFRED DUBE N02021635R
- PRIVILEGE HOVE
- NIGEL JOE
TADIWA CHODYIWA
- FELISTAS KABINALI
- TANYA GOTO
- ORISON GAPA
- TINASHE GOROGODO
 INTRODUCTION

Forms of Heat

• Sensible heat is what causes a change in temperature when added or removed.

• Latent heat is the cause of a change in the state of a substance from a solid to a liquid, gas, or vapor when heated at a constant temperature.

• Note: The amount of heat that must be added or removed to change the temperature by one degree per unit mass of a substance is called the
specific heat of that substance.

• Traditionally, water in domestic dwelling is heated in water heaters such as heaters and kettles and these do not produce a continual supply of
hot water.

• Hot-water systems use either a one-pipe or a two-pipe system to circulate the heated water. The one-pipe system uses less pipe than the two-pipe
arrangement, which is why it is less expensive to install. However, it is also less efficient because larger radiators or longer baseboards are
required at the end of the loop because this part gets less heat.
• The operation of a one-pipe system is fairly simple: Water enters each radiator from the supply side of the main pipe, circulates through
the radiator, and flows back into the same pipe.

• In boiler hydronic systems there are different ways to arrange the piping depending on the budget at installation time and the efficiency
level required. As with many hydronic loop systems, the two-pipe direct return needs balancing valves, and in both systems an
expansion tank is required to compensate for variations in the volume of water in the system.

• Modern layouts generally use a two-pipe layout, in which radiators are all supplied with hot water at the same temperature from a single
supply pipe, and the water from these then flows back to the furnace to be reheated through a common return pipe.

• Although the two-pipe system requires more pipe work, it is more efficient and easier to control than the one-pipe system. Another
advantage of the two-pipe direct-return and reverse-return loop over the one-pipe loop is that it can be zoned. Zoning offers additional
control over where and when heat is required, which in turn can reduce heating costs.

• The two-pipe system is thus more efficient and easier to control than the one-pipe system. In both systems an expansion tank is required
to compensate for variations in the volume of water. Closed expansion tanks contain about 50% air, which compresses and expands to
compensate for volume changes in the water.

• Another system that is sometimes used is the sealed hot-water system. This is basically a closed system that does not need water tanks
because the hot water is supplied directly from the mains.
USES
• Domestic- cleaning,
• cooking,
• bathing,
• heating spaces, (saunas)
• Industrial processes in factories
 THE DEMAND OF HOT WATER SUPPLY

• Quantity and temperature of Hot water is normally supplied to the fittings and consumers at 50 - 60oC. For
canteens and professional kitchen a temperature of 65oC are required to satisfy most hygienic standards.
• Hot water should not be stored at temperatures below 60oC to avoid the risk of legionella.
• Where a lower temperatures are necessary for safety reasons -as in kindergartens, centers for the disabled etc.
- the hot water temperature should not exceed 40 - 50oC.
• The hot water can be stored at higher temperatures and reduced to supply temperature by mixing with cold
water in blender valves. Storing hot water at a higher temperature increases the systems overall capacity and
reduces the need of storage volume.
 HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Gravity Supply Upflow Hot Water Distribution Systems

• •Typically used in small residential and industrial installations. Its purpose: – Ensures continuous
circulation of hot water – Instantaneous hot water supply from the appliance at any time – Reduces
costs by providing a return cycle – Eliminates water loss
Hot water distribution systems and gravity water systems
• • An efficient type of hot water distribution system commonly used in high-rise buildings. Here's
how it works: Water distribution depends on hot water expansion and gravity. In a closed piping
system, when heated, water rises to the highest point of the plant and is returned to the storage tank
by natural gravity. Even with mechanical design flaws, water circulates.
[A] LOCAL ELECTRICITY HOT WATER SUPPLY

(I) Single Point Draw off point Water Heater

-the hot water is stored in a cylinder insulated & containing at the center
an electric immersion heater with thermostatic control.
-When hot water is required the valve of the cold water inlet is opened
and this, by displacement, causes hot water from the top of the storage
tank to be discharged thru the open delivery pipe.
-It is therefore a non-pressure type.

(ii) Cistern Type Water Heater

-Consists of a feed tank with ball valve and a storage tank with an
immersion heater.
-Water from the feed tank flows through an internal feed pipe to the
bottom of the storage tank, where it’s heated by an immersion heater.
-Upon opening one of hot water tapes, hot water is displaced by cold
water from the cistern above & since the head is small the flow rate is
limited.
(iii) Local Gas Hot Water Supply
-There is no storage of hot water. Water is simply heated as it passes thru the heating system,.
-It is heated to about 55*C at its lowest flow rate & its temperature will rise & fall inversely to its flow rate.
-Where constant flow temperature is important, the heater should be fitted with a water governor at its inflow.
-Moreover to attain constant temp on delivery, water flow & pressure must also be constant.
-Position heater near most-used appliance, usually the kitchen sinks.
*A pilot light continuously burns, & when a hot water tap is opened, water begins to flow & by pressure difference across the
venturi, the main gas valve is opened & the gas burners are ignited.
There are also instantaneous electric water heaters

(iv) Pressure Type Local Water Heater

-It is taken as a local hot water supply system but at the same time forms the bases or the central system.
-It is totally enclosed & fed from a storage or feed cistern [never to be supplied with cold water directly from the main pipe]
-Normally fitted with 2 immersion heaters, one at the top is switched on for normal usage, e.g. sink & whb.
-A larger heater at the bottom is switched on when large quantities of are required for say laundry & bath uses.
-Hot water is forced out by pressure that builds up in the cylinder.
CENTRAL SYSTEM

(a) Direct System

-The central system consists of a boiler [water heater] with circulating
piping into a storage vessel.
-The combination of the 2 is proportioned so as to adequately provide hot
water to the user e.g. a hospital where hot water might be needed
throughout the day and this is made possible by having a high heating up
rate.
-In the case of DIRECT SYSTEM, the water drawn off is the same water
that is heated in the boiler & the cylinder is only provided for storage
-Extra hot water that rises can pass thru the vent & get deposited in the
supply tank.
-If the water is hard .scale deposits may occur in the boiler & hence boilers
have to be of simple type with large clean-out openings.

.
INDIRECT SYSTEM

-In this case, water that is supplied is heated indirectly by water that is
heated from the boiler.
-The water from the boiler never comes into contact with that which is
supplied to the draw-off points
-The cylinder in which this water is heated indirectly is termed a calorifier.
-Water that comes from the boiler to the calorifier & then back to the boiler
has a pipe network called a primary circuit.
-The heated water from the calorifier to the draw-off points & sometimes
back to the cylinder has a pipe network called a secondary circuit.

-The pipe work from the hot water cylinder to the draw-off points can be
installed in 2 ways , the Dead-leg System & the Secondary circulation
system.
[a] The Dead Leg System
-This system has no return pipe.
-If draw off points are some distance away, a lot of heat is lost. In most
cases for the first few seconds cold water is drawn off before hot water
comes out and this results in much wastage.
-The maximum recommended length is 8m.
(b) The Secondary circulation System
-In this system, hot water is made to be available in the circuit at any time since it flows out of the cylinder
into the pipe work and (if not used) flows back into the tank.
-Secondary circulation should be considered where short dead legs are impractical (too long a distance) and
the circuit should be well insulated to reduce the inevitable heat loses from the pipe runs.

Factors That Affect the Capacity of Geysers

- Number of draw off points.
- Number of people living in the building.
- Cost of material used.
- Frequency of water withdrawal.
- Boiler power requirements
- Maximum draw off of water during a pick hour is very important in assessing the capacity of a geyser
In most cases it has been found reasonable to give the cylinder a capacity equal to maximum draw off of hot
water at pick load conditions.
Note: Boiler power requirements should satisfy the reheating period if all hot water has been used during
pick hours so that complaints by occupants are minimized especially in buildings like hotels.
This boiler power should be arrived at after considering the loses due to radiation from boilers, mains and
cylinders.
Position where geysers are placed

- Central position to reduce length of secondary circuit to various draw off points.
- Should be above the highest tap level (if not pressure type)
- Cold water cistern should be above the geyser level
CHOICE OF SYSTEM
The type of system will depend on the type of building.

(a) Small Houses and Flats

-May very often be conveniently served by local systems, which require no attendance, cleaning etc.
-A small domestic boiler system in a house provides some general warmth to the kitchen and where fired with solid fuel, can be
taken as a means of disposing certain amounts of refuse.

(b) Large Block of Flats

-The tendency of late has been to provide each flat with its own local hot water heater, heated either by gas or electricity.
-The user then pays for just what he / she consumes thru gas or electricity meters. However a central system can be used for the
same purpose and in this case the cost of hot water is included in the rent.

(c) Office Blocks, Factories

-If toilets, tubs and showers are widely spaced the local system would be an advantage.
-However if draw-off points are arranged in a compact manor, the central system would be more economic.

(d) Hospitals, Hostels & Institutions

-In this class of buildings the central system is most appropriate because it can give a greater reserve for heavy demands & the
maintenance of a large number of small units is avoided.
-The water is heated at the central boiler plant, which can be centrally located.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOT WATER SUPPLY METHODS
Electrical heating system
• (i) Instantaneous water heaters (tank-less water system)
• -heat water instantly as it flows through the device
• -no water is retained internally

• -it provides a continuous flow

Advantages
-it is initially expensive, but cost saving and energy saving in the long run as water is only heated when it is required
-there is no need for storage of the hot water
- there hot water supply is unlimited
-takes up less space than a tank type of water heater as it can be mounted on walls or inside building structure

Disadvantages
-relies on water pressure that is delivered to the building
 HOW ELECTRIC HOT WATER HEATERS WORK
Electric storage hot water systems work similarly to natural gas storage systems. Cold
water is piped into the tank where it is heated, then it rises to the top and is siphoned off
when the hot tap is turned on. The difference is in where the heating occurs. In an electric
model, one or two elements are located inside the water, warming it from the inside.
Because the heating occurs in the tank, there is no need for a flue.

A thermostat is used to control and maintain the temperature to which the water is heated.
Should the water pressure rise too high, water will be pushed out through the pressure
relief valve, and escape through the overflow pipe.
Continuous flow hot water systems operate by heating the water on demand, rather than
heating and storing it. When the hot water is turned on at the tap, cold water is fed through
a heat exchanger which heats the water and sends it through the piping. Most continuous
flow electric systems require a three phase electricity supply to run (normal domestic
wiring in Australia is single phase).
• Where are electric hot water systems most commonly found?
• Electric systems are usually found where gas or solar is not available or not a viable alternative. Many older dwellings and
apartment blocks in NSW, SA and Queensland have these units.

• Is an electric system for me?

• Off-peak systems cost around the same price to run as natural gas models, but standard electric hot water systems are much more
costly to both the wallet and the environment.
• Electric systems are generally cheaper up front than others, but rising electricity prices need to be taken into account for the life of
the heater. Likewise, inefficient systems are currently the target of a government phase out, so think long term when deciding if an
electric hot water tank is right for you. In some parts of Australia, regulations may even forbid you from installing one.
• Electric elements take longer to warm the water than gas burners, so if you do need to install a hot water tank, choose a tank large
enough to cope with all of your day’s water use. This will help you avoid the wait time for the water to reach the right temperature,
as well as peak electricity costs.
Installation requirements
Because electricity is available to virtually every home, the only installation requirements are regulatory ones.
Ensuring that your hot water unit is installed in the right place can also have a big impact on the efficiency of your
system.

Advantages
-Low initial purchase price,
-widely available
-Off-peak models can be run for an equivalent cost to a gas hot water system
-No special installation requirements
-Supply is only marginally affected during blackouts

Disadvantages
-Much higher running costs as electricity prices rise
-Much higher greenhouse gas emissions (CO2)
-Electric hot water is the target of a government phase out and may be forbidden in your area
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOT WATER SUPPLY

• (ii) Storage system

Advantages
• -high flow rates
• -less risk of being without supply

Disadvantages
• -there is risk of the pipes freezing in winter
• -space for storage is needed
• -the hot water requires recovery time
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOT WATER SUPPLY
Solar heating system
• consist of evacuated tubes or solar panels, and a

storage tank unit which is either installed on the roof

or at ground level
Advantages
• -safe
• -more economic in the long term

• -Environmentally friendly

Disadvantages
• - may require a booster using gas or electricity
• in area with long cold nights and less mid-year sun
 REFERENCES
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1-10dd388eb13b

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hot-water-system

https://build.com.au/electric-hot-water-systems

Est. 2016. Sem 2 bs1 hot water supply system. Viewed 24 October 2022. <
https://www.slideshare.net/E185/sem-2-hot-water-supply-system-1>.

Hall F, Greeno R. 2007. Building services. 4th ed.