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Heat Transfer in Nuclear Reactors

1. A nuclear reactor generates heat through controlled nuclear fission reactions, typically of uranium atoms, to produce steam that drives turbines to generate electricity. Fuel rods containing enriched uranium are surrounded by coolant like water. Neutrons cause uranium nuclei to split, releasing energy in a self-sustaining chain reaction. 2. The coolant absorbs heat from the reactions and transfers it to a heat exchanger and steam system to drive turbines, then the steam is condensed back into water in a closed loop. Control rods regulate the reaction rate. 3. Safety measures aim to prevent accidents from overheating, like the 1986 Chernobyl disaster caused by reactor design flaws and human error during a

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64 views13 pages

Heat Transfer in Nuclear Reactors

1. A nuclear reactor generates heat through controlled nuclear fission reactions, typically of uranium atoms, to produce steam that drives turbines to generate electricity. Fuel rods containing enriched uranium are surrounded by coolant like water. Neutrons cause uranium nuclei to split, releasing energy in a self-sustaining chain reaction. 2. The coolant absorbs heat from the reactions and transfers it to a heat exchanger and steam system to drive turbines, then the steam is condensed back into water in a closed loop. Control rods regulate the reaction rate. 3. Safety measures aim to prevent accidents from overheating, like the 1986 Chernobyl disaster caused by reactor design flaws and human error during a

Uploaded by

shivam Tambe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Nuclear Reactor

Siddhesh Kanase
Pranav Roy
Shivam Tambe
Vedant Raghatate
INTRODUCTION
Today we will be Discussing Major heat
Transfer Processes In Management of
Nuclear Power Plants
OUTLINE
Nuclear Reactor
1. A nuclear reactor generates heat by inducing and controlling
nuclear reactions, typically involving the splitting of uranium
atoms. The heat is used to produce steam, which drives a turbine
to generate electricity.

2. The reactor contains fuel rods made of enriched uranium or


other fissile materials, which are surrounded by a coolant such
as water or heavy water. When a neutron strikes a uranium
nucleus, it can cause it to split into two smaller nuclei, releasing
energy and additional neutrons. These neutrons can then cause
other uranium nuclei to split, creating a chain reaction that
produces a large amount of heat.
Nuclear Reactor
3. The coolant absorbs the heat produced by the nuclear reactions and transfers it to a
heat exchanger. The heat is then transferred from the heat exchanger to a second water
loop, where it is transformed to steam and utilised to drive a turbine. The process is
then repeated with the steam being condensed back into water.

4. By absorbing neutrons and delaying the chain reaction, control rods comprised
of substances like boron or cadmium are employed to control the nuclear process.
In addition, safety measures are in place to stop accidents and overheating.
HISTORY
1938, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear
fission, which opened up the possibility of using nuclear
energy for power generation. The first nuclear reactor, known
as the Chicago Pile-1, was developed by Enrico Fermi and his
team in 1942. This reactor was a pile of graphite blocks and
uranium fuel that produced the first controlled nuclear chain
reaction.

After the success of the Chicago Pile-1, the development of


nuclear reactors continued rapidly. The first commercial
nuclear power plant was opened in 1954 in Obninsk, Russia.
Since then, nuclear reactors have been used around the world
to produce electricity, power ships, and even propel spacecraft.
History and Accidents
The biggest nuclear power plant accident in history
occurred on April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl Nuclear
Power Plant in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet
Union). The accident was caused by a flawed reactor
design and human error during a safety test, which
resulted in a series of explosions and a fire that
released a large amount of radioactive material into the
atmosphere.
CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR
REACTOR
Heat transfer in nuclear reactor
Usually in a Nuclear Reactor , The heat transfer is carried out by all 3 means , i.e
(Conduction , Convection , Radiation ) .

Derivation :
DIFFERENT TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
1. Pressurized water reactors (PWR)

2. Boiling water reactors (BWR)

3. Heavy water reactors (HWR)


Advantages and Disadvantages of
Nuclear Reactors
Advantages of nuclear reactors:
- Low greenhouse gas emissions
- High energy output
- Can operate for long periods without refueling
- Provides energy security

Disadvantages of nuclear reactors:


- Possibility of radiation leaks and accidents
- Concerns over nuclear waste disposal
- High initial capital cost
- Potential for nuclear weapons proliferation
REFERENCE
1. https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1551
2. Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Reactors" by Enrico Fermi (The
American Scientist, 1946)
3. numerical investigation of natural convection heat transfer in
a nuclear reactor containment pool
4. https://www.world-nuclear.org/nuclear-essentials/are-there-dif
ferent-types-of-reactor.aspx
5. https://www.britannica.com/event/Chernobyl-disaster
6. https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-pr
ofiles/countries-g-n/india.aspx
THANK YOU

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