MODULE
Topic/Session: Factors governing application of insecticides
Presenter/Facilitator: Owen Munachilemba
Time allocation: 30 minutes
Session type (field or class based): Class/Conference Based
Training
Session or learning objectives: By the end of this module, trainees
should be able to:
i. Use the right nozzle tip depending on the surfaces being sprayed.
ii. Understand the importance of maintaining the right distance,
pressure and speed when spraying.
iii. Appreciate the effects of insecticide concentration
Session definitions:
Teaching materials and teaching aids required:
computer, LCD projectors, flip chart, markers, slides, handouts, pens, note
books, paper, bostic glue, printer, stapler, perforator, toner, compression
sprayer, tape and nozzle tips
Teaching methodology: Lecture (power point)
Plenary session:
- question and answers
Facilitator’s summary/points of emphasis
Reference materials
i. General IRS application principles slides
ii. Manufacturer’s instructions on mixing of insecticides
iii. Spray pump manual
THE FIVE (5)FACTORS GOVERNING APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES
1. Concentration of insecticide in the spray solution;
2. Nozzle tip aperture size;
3. Amount of pressure in the sprayer;
4. Distance from the nozzle tip to the surface to be
sprayed;
5. Speed of application over the surface.
NB: These factors govern the achievement of a
predetermined spray pattern and rhythm to achieve
proper insecticide deposition
1. CONCENTRATION OF INSECTICIDE
IN THE SPRAY SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION OF INSECTICIDE
• This is the amount of active ingredient in the spray
solution;
• It is determined by the insecticide being used and
the dilution rate specified by the manufacturer on
the label.
• All insecticides for Public Health use are evaluated
and recommended by WHO PESTCIDE EVALUATION
SCHEME(WHOPES)
WHO PESTCIDES EVALUATION
SCHEME(WHOPES)
• WHOPES was established in 1960 for setting
norms and standards for Public Health
Pesticides
• All insecticides to be used for Public Health are
determined by the WHOPES
• All users of Public Health insecticides must
adhere to the WHOPES prescribed dilution
rates, Nozzle types and operational pressure
ranges
WHOPES RECOMMENDED
CLASS INSECTICIDES
PRODUCT DOSAGE g/m DILUTION PER DURATION
10lt
2
(months)
ORGANO-CHLORINE DDT 75WP 2 670gm >6
CARBAMATE Bendiocarb 800 0.1-0.4 125gm 2-6
WP
PYRETHROID Deltameth 5 0.01-0.25 80gm/20g 3-6
WP/25WG
L/cyhaloth 10 0.02-0.03 62.5g/8lt 3-6
WP
A/cypermethrin 0.02-0.03 40-85ml 4-6
6 SC
ORGANOPHOSPHATES Actellic 300 CS 1 833.3mls 4-6
NEONICOTINOID SumiShield 300mg 150g >7
50WG
2. NOZZLE TIP APERTURE SIZE
A nozzle is a device which converts the energy
from a fluid into velocity of the spray droplets
NOZZLES
The nozzle tip is the most
important part of the sprayer and
in any spray operation…
All the insecticide sprayed
must pass through it
...Yet it may be one of the most
neglected component of any spray
program.
The nozzle is critical for maintaining the
quality and uniform application of
insecticide. An application must be uniform
to be effective.
NOZZLES
The nozzle is designed
to deliver a precise
amount of liquid per
minute at a given
pressure and to
maintain a uniform
spray pattern and swath
width.
NOZZLE TYPE
The standard nozzles
recommended by WHO for
Malaria Control programs are
TEEJET 8002 or 8001.
These are designed to give a
flat fan spray pattern.
NOZZLE CODE
8002 80=80° angle of spray fan
02=0.2 US gallons/ minute
or 760 mls per minute
8001 80= 80° angle of spray fan
01= 0.1 US gallons/ minute
or 380 mls per minute
Flat Fan Spray – flat Sheet of Liquid
Different types of nozzles
NOZZLE MAINTENANCE
• Nozzles should be regularly inspected for
signs of wear.
• Spare nozzles should be kept by
supervisors at all times- this will save on
down time in the field.
• Programs should establish a routine and
systematic mechanism for exchanging worn
out nozzle tips.
NOZZLE MAINTENANCE
Blockages should
be removed by
cleaning with water
or using a soft
probe such as a
grass or soft stick.
NOZZLE MAINTENANCE
NEVER try to blow
it clean by mouth
or using hard
objects like wire or
a pin as this will
damage the orifice.
NOZZLE MAINTENANCE
• Worn out or damaged nozzles must
always be replaced.
• Failure to exchange worn tips will
result in overdosing and wastage of
insecticide.
NOZZLE WEAR
NOZZLES DO NOT LAST
FOREVER !
NOZZLE WEAR
• Nozzle tips are subject to erosion especially
when using wettable powders(DDT).
• Degree of wear depends on:
• Nozzle material (Material types Brass,
Polymer, Stainless Steel, Hardened
Stainless steel & Ceramic);
• Formulation;
• Amount of insecticide sprayed.
NOZZLE WEAR
New Nozzle
The edges of a worn out Nozzle
appear more rounded than the
edges of a new Nozzle
Damaged Nozzle due to
improper cleaning
SPRAYING RESULTS
NEW WORN DAMAGED
Uniform Higher output Erratic output
distribution
How do we determine that our Nozzles are in
good condition, Worn Out or Damaged?
Nozzle Calibration is the Answer
REMEMBER
Codes on your nozzles must not be the
benchmark of your decision making as regards
to output – You Must Calibrate
What is nozzle calibration
Is a very important exercise conducted to
compare the output of a coded or uncoded
nozzle to the standardized output of the
nozzles
All nozzles must be calibrated;
• before start of spray program
• Monthly during spray program(Make a schedule)
NB; Spray operators MUST be encouraged to demand for
calibration whenever they suspect nozzle output defects.
Supervisors must be on the lookout for defective nozzles
NOZZLE CALIBRATION
• Fill standard sprayer with water and
pump up to 45 psi.
• Spray into a measuring cylinder for 30
seconds and measure amount
discharged.
NOZZLE CALIBRATION
• Spray tips are considered worn if the
flow rate exceeds the flow rate of a
new tip by 10%.
Volume@ 45psi/30sec INTERPRETATION
380 ml Normal
> 380 ml Worn but usable
>418 ml Discard and replace
Remember that
discharge of a nozzle increases as it gets worn
out and decreases if it is blocked
FACTORS INFLUENCING NOZZLE WEAR
• Spraying pressure- the higher the pressure
the faster a spray tip will wear;
• Spray liquid- size of solids sprayed;
• Shape of solids in the formulation;
• Concentration- the larger the number of
solid particles, the greater the abrasion of
the tip.
NB: The best way to extend the usefulness of nozzles is to clean
them properly and to agitate the pump often during spraying.
3. AMOUNT OF PRESSURE IN THE
SPRAYER
Trainees Must Understand the Following;
• Operating Pressure and Discharge Rate
• Air Cushion
• Pressure Gauge
• Pressure Release Valve
OPERATING PRESSURE AND FLOW RATE
• Dosage rates are calculated according to
a specific pressure range
• Operating pressure must be maintained
between 240 and 380 KPa (35 to 55 psi).
OPERATING PRESSURE
Sprayers are fitted with
a pressure gauge which
clearly marks the
“operational pressure
range” by a color band.
When spraying the pressure should never
be allowed to fall below the lower limit
OPERATING PRESSURE
• Spray operators should never judge
the pressure by:
• Appearance of the spray pattern.
• Width of the swath.
• Time since last pumping
• Amount of liquid discharged
• Surface area covered.
OPERATING PRESSURE
Operating pressure affects:
• Spray flow rate
• Spray angle
• quality of spray distribution
HIGHER PRESSURE
• Increases the volume flow rate and
hence run-off.
• Influences droplet size. Produces smaller
droplets which result in spray bounce off.
• Increases rate of wear of nozzle
aperture
• Increases spray bounce-off.
LOWER PRESSURE
Reduces spray
angle which
results in
reduced spray
coverage and
under dosing
OPERATING PRESSURE AND FLOW RATE
In order to double
the flow rate/Output
the pressure must be
increased 4 times.
NB: It takes a large increase in
pressure to get a small increase in
nozzle output
Manufacturers often supply tables
that show the nozzle output at a
number of pressures
SPRAYER OPERATION UNDER PRESSURE:
AIR CUSHION
10 lt
The smaller the air
space- the fewer strokes
are needed to reach
pressure;
As the contents goes
down more strokes are
5 lt
required to build
pressure.
SPRAY ANGLE AND COVERAGE
The theoretical coverage of
spray patterns, (calculated
from the angle of the spray
Spray
and distance from the wall)
Distance assumes that the spray angle
remains the same
throughout the entire spray
Theoretical distance.
Coverage
In practice, the spray angle does not hold for long spray
distances.
SPRAY ANGLE AND COVERAGE
• At a distance of 45 cm from the surface
being sprayed, the swath covers around
75 cm at the operational pressure;
• Due to the reduced spray deposit at the
edges, a 5 cm overlap is necessary to
achieve an even coverage.
[Link]
DISTANCE
• A distance of 45 cm from the surface
being sprayed should be maintained
• If 45 cm is maintained, the swath
will cover around 75 cm at the
operational pressure.
5. SPEED
SPEED/RHYTHM
• In order to deposit the right amount
of insecticides on the surface, the
rhythm of 5 seconds per 2 meter wall
should be observed.
• If the speed is slow, more insecticides
will be discharged which will result in
run-off and wastage of insecticides
• If the speed is very fast, the spray
surfaces will be under dosed.
• Spray Operators need to be trained
on how to master the speed
TOGETHER LETS ELIMINATE MALARIA
Thank You
Questions
