NMK10103:

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Chapter 5 PART I:
Introduction to Capacitors & Inductors

Dr. Muhammad Solihin Zulkefli

Room 11, Block 3, Campus UniMAP Pauh Putra
CH5 : CAPACITANCE & INDUCTANCE

 Capacitance
 Inductance
 DC Conditions
 PREVIOUS CHAPTER
Series Parallel
1 1 1 1
   ...... 
RT R1 R2 Rn

1
RT  R1  R2      Rn RT 
Resistance 1 1 1
  ..... 
R1 R2 Rn

RT  R1 R2 R1 R2
RT 
R1  R2

Current I T  I1  I 2  I n I T  I1  I 2      I n

Voltage VT  V1  V2      Vn VT  V1  V2  Vn
 PREVIOUS CHAPTER
Series Parallel

KVL KCL
Law VT  V1  V2  V3    Vn I T  I1  I 2 ...  I n

VT  V1  V2  V3      Vn  0 I T  I1  I 2  ...  I n  0

VDR CDR
Rule R   RT 
Vx   x VT I x    I T
 RT   Rx 

 R2 
I1    I T
R
 1  R2 
RT  R1 R2
 R1 
I 2    I T
R
 1  R2 
CH5 : CAPACITANCE & INDUCTANCE

 Capacitance
 Inductance
 DC Conditions
 CAPACITANCE
The Capacitor
 Capacitors are one of the fundamental passive components. In
its most basic form, it is composed of two plates separated by
a dielectric (air, ceramic, paper or mica).
 The ability to store charge is the definition of capacitance.

Basic capacitor Symbol

 CAPACITANCE
The Capacitor

eA
C
d
C = Capacitance in farads (F)
e = permittivity of dielectric material between the plates
A = surface area of each plates (m2)
d = distance between the plates (m)
 CAPACITANCE
The Capacitor

eA
C
d
3 factors determine the value of capacitance:

1) Surface area : Area , capacitance

2) Distance : Spacing , capacitance
3) Permittivity :e , capacitance
 CAPACITANCE
The Charging Process
Die le c tric


Le a d s + +
  Pla te s
+ +
Initially uncharged 
+ +
 Ele c tro n s
 
+ +
A B
 CAPACITANCE
The Charging Process

+ 
 +
+ 
 +
Charging  
+ 
 
 
 +

A +  B 

   +    
 CAPACITANCE
The Charging Process
VS
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
Fully charged +
+


+ 
+ 
A +  B
+ 
 CAPACITANCE
The Charging Process
VS
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
Source removed + 
+ 
+ 
+ 
A +  B

A capacitor with stored charge can act as a temporary battery!

 CAPACITANCE
Capacitance
Capacitance is the ratio of charge to voltage:

Q
C
V
Rearranging, the amount of charge on a capacitor is
determined by the size of the capacitor (C) and the
voltage (V):

Q  CV
 CAPACITANCE
Energy
A capacitor stores energy in the form of an electric field
that is established by the opposite charges on the two
plates. The energy (W), stored in capacitor is given by
the equation:
1 2
W  CV
where
2
W = the energy in joules (J)
C = the capacitance in farads (F)
V = the voltage in volts (V)
 CAPACITANCE
Example 1:
a) A certain capacitor stores 50 μC with 10 V across its plates.
What is its capacitance in units of microfarads (μF)?
b) A 2.2 μF capacitor has 100 V across its plates. How much
charge does it store?
c) Determine the voltage across a 1000 pF capacitor that is
storing 20 μC of charge.
d) Calculate the charge stored on a 3 pF capacitor with 20 V
across it and find the energy stored in the capacitor.

ANS: a) 5 μF b) 220 μC c) 20 kV d) 60 pC , 600 pJ

 CAPACITANCE
Voltage-Current Relationship of Capacitor
From Q  CV and dQ 1 t
i v   i dt
dt C 
or
take the time derivative on both
sides : 1 t
v   i dt  v (to )
dQ dv C to
C
dt dt
where Q(to )
dv v (to ) 
iC C
dt **V(t0)= is the voltage across
the capacitor at time t0
 CAPACITANCE
Example 2:
If a 10 μF capacitor is connected to a voltage source with ,
determine the current through the capacitor.

Solution:
CAPACITANCE
v(t )  50 sin( 2000t )V
dv
 (50)( 2000) cos( 2000t )
dt
dv
 100000 cos( 2000t )
dt
dv
iC
dt
i  (10 )100000 cos(2000t )

 i  cos(2000t ) A
 CAPACITANCE
Example 3:
Determine the voltage across 2 μF capacitor if the current
through it is . Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is
zero.

Solution:
 CAPACITANCE
1 t
Since v 
C  0
i dt  v (0) and v ( 0)  0

1 t
v
2  10 6  0
6e 3000t dt  10 3

3 t
3  10 3000t
v e
 3000 0


 v  1  e 3000 t V 
 CAPACITANCE
Power
The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor:

P  VI
P (t )  V (t ) I (t )

 dv(t ) 
P(t )  V (t ) C 
 dt 
 CAPACITANCE
Series Capacitors

The equivalent capacitance of series

connected capacitors is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances:

1
CT  Ceq 
1 1 1 1
  ... 
C1 C2 C3 CN
 CAPACITANCE
Series Capacitors
The total capacitance of two series capacitors is:

1
CT 
1 1

C1 C2

…or you can use the product-over-sum (special case) rule!

C1C2
CT 
C1  C2
 CAPACITANCE
Parallel Capacitors

The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-

connected capacitors is the sum of the
individual capacitances:

CT  Ceq  C1  C2  ...  C N
 CAPACITANCE
Example 4:
Determine the total capacitance between points A and B.

ANS: 2.30 μF
 CAPACITANCE
Example 5:
Find the total capacitance, CT.

ANS: CT = 76.7 pF
 CAPACITANCE
Example 6:
Find the total capacitance, CT.

ANS: CT = 0.06 μF
 CAPACITANCE
Example 7:
Find the equivalent capacitance, Ceq for each of the circuit.

ANS: a) 3 F b) 8 F c) 1F
 CAPACITANCE
Example 8:
Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in the circuit
shown below.

ANS: V1 = 30 V , V2 = 30 V , V3 = 10 V , V4 = 20 V
Solution:
60μF and 30μF - series
1
 20 F
1 1

60 30 

20μF and 20μF - parallel

20F  20F  40F
40μF and 40μF - series
1
 20 F
1 1
 dq
40 40  Imagine that charge act like current i 
dt
Q  CeqV  20F (60V )  1.2mC
 Q 1.2mC
V1    30V
C1 40 F

Q
V2 
C2  (C3 || C4 )
1.2mC
V2   30V
40 F
60μF and 30μF - series
1
 20 F
1 1

60  30 

Qa  CaVa
Qa  (20 )(30)  0.6mC

Qa Qa
V3  V4 
C3 C4
0.6mC 0.6mC
V3   10V V4   20V
60F 30 F
CH5 : CAPACITANCE & INDUCTANCE

 Capacitance
 Inductance
 DC Conditions
 INDUCTANCE
The Inductor
 An inductor is a passive electrical component formed by a coil
of wire.
 Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits
opposition to the change of current flowing through it,
measured in Henrys (H).

Basic inductor Symbol

 INDUCTANCE
Inductance
• The inductance of an inductor depends on its physical
dimension and construction.

2
N A
L
l

L = inductance in henrys (H)

N = number of turns
µ = core permeability
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
ℓ = length (m)
 INDUCTANCE
Voltage-Current Relationship of Inductor

Inductor Symbol

di (t )
Voltage across inductor v(t )  L
dt
1 t
i (t )   v( ) d  i (t0 ) Current through inductor
L t0
**Where i(t0) is the total current for    t  t0 and i ()  0
 INDUCTANCE
Power

1 t 
P  V   vdt  i (t0 )
 L t0 
Energy

1 2
w(t )  Li (t )
2
 INDUCTANCE
Example 9:
If the current through a 1 mH inductor is , find the terminal
voltage and energy stored.

Solution:
 INDUCTANCE

di
i (t )  20 cos100t mA vL
dt
di
 (20)(100) sin 100t mA v  (1m)(2000 sin 100t mA)
dt
di
 2000 sin 100t mA  v  2 sin 100t mV
dt
 INDUCTANCE
1 2
w  Li
2
1 2
i (t )  20 cos 100t mA w  Li
2
1
i (t )  20 cos100t mA
2 2
w  (1m)(400 cos 2 100t A)
2
2 2
i (t )  400 cos 100t A  w  0.2 cos 2 100t J
 INDUCTANCE
Series Inductors

The equivalent inductance of series-

connected inductors is the sum of the
individual inductances:

LT  Leq  L1  L2  ...  LN
 INDUCTANCE
Parallel Inductors

The equivalent inductance of parallel

inductors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual inductances:

1
LT  Leq 
1 1 1 1
  ... 
L1 L2 L3 LN
 INDUCTANCE
Example 10:
Calculate the equivalent inductance in the circuit.

ANS: Leq = 25 mH
CH5 : CAPACITANCE & INDUCTANCE

 Capacitance
 Inductance
 DC Conditions
 DC CONDITIONS
Capacitor:
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc. When the voltage
across capacitor is not changing with time (constant),
current through it is zero.

Inductor:
An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc. When the
current through inductor is not changing with time
(constant), voltage across it is zero.
 DC CONDITIONS
Example 11:
Determine vC, iL, and the energy stored in the capacitor
and inductor in the circuit of circuit shown below under dc
conditions.
In dc, inductor act
like short circuit and
capacitor act like an
open circuit!

Using current divider

 1 
Ia   (4 A)  1A
 1  3 
 3 
Ib   (4 A)  3 A
 1  3 

At circuit: 4  IL  Ia
4  IL 1
 I L  4 1  3A
Vc is equals to voltage at
resistor 1Ω

Vc  Vb  I b Rb
Vc  (3)(1)  3V

Energy stored in capacitor Energy stored in inductor

1 2 1 2
wc  Cv wL  Li
2 2
1 2 1
 wc  (2)(3)  9 J  wL  (0.25)(3) 2  1.125 J
2 2
 SUMMARY

Relation Capacitor Inductor

1 1 1 1
Series    ......  Leq  L1  L2  ...  LN
Ceq C1 C2 CN

1 1 1 1
Parallel Ceq  C1  C2  .....  C N  
L eq L1 L 2
 ... 
LN

At DC Open circuit Short circuit

 SUMMARY
Relation Capacitor Inductor
1 t di (t )
Voltage v   i dt  v(to ) v(t )  L
C to dt

dv 1 t
Current iC i(t )   v( ) d  i (t0 )
dt L t0
 dv(t )  1 t 
Power P (t )  V (t ) C  P  V   vdt  i (t0 )
 dt  L t 0

1 1 2
Energy W  CV 2 w(t )  Li (t )
2 2
 INDUCTANCE
Exercise 1:
Find:
a) Leq, i1(t) and i2(t) if
b) Vo(t)
c) Energy stored in the 20-mH inductor at .
 INDUCTANCE
Exercise 2:
Given that for t > 0 and .
Find:
a) i2(0)
b) i1(t) and i2(t)