Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code-2016
Demystifying the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
Understanding the Code
Differentiation
Insolvency is the
inability of a person or
- Insolvency; corporation to pay their
bills as and when they
- Bankruptcy; and become due and
payable.
- Liquidation
Why is it a Code? Bankruptcy is when Liquidation is the
a person is declared process of winding
“Code” is usually known as a collection incapable of paying up a corporation or
or compendium of laws. It refers to a their due and incorporated
systematic and comprehensive payable bills. entity.
compilation of laws, rules or regulations
that are consolidated and classified
according to a particular subject matter.
Inception of Insolvency Laws in India
Presidency Towns
Insolvency Act, 1909
Provincial Insolvency COMPANIES ACT,
IBC, 2016
Act, 1920 2013
SICA, 1985 RDDBI, 1993 SARFAESI, 2002
Impact on other statutes
Repealed Acts
Presidency Town Insolvency Act, 1909; and
Provisional Insolvency Act, 1920
Some of the amended Acts
Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Repeal Act, 2003;
Recovery of Debts Due to banks and financial institutions Act, 1993;
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002; and
Companies Act, 2013
Key Features
Applicable to both corporate and non-corporate persons;
Allow creditors, whether secured; unsecured; financial or operational; domestic or international to initiate a
resolution processes thereby aiming for an early detection of the fraud;
Establishes time-bound moratorium on acceleration and enforcement of debts against the company;
The resolution professionals can replace the existing management during insolvency proceedings;
Provides for time-bound viability assessment mechanisms, liquidation processes and distribution waterfalls;
Provides for penalties on promoters for asset diversion leading up to liquidation;
The provisions of the Code overrides SARFAESI Act, 2002;
An inability to pay debt will no more be a ground for winding up under the Companies Act;
Voluntary Liquidation shall be subject to provisions of the Code; and
Chapter governing Revival and Rehabilitation of Sick Companies of Companies Act 2013, stands omitted.
‘Debtor-in-possession’ to ‘Creditor-in-possession’
The Courts are being conscious vis-a-vis piercing the corporate veil for default;
The Code aims at bringing the defaulters to book by empowering creditors to initiate the process at an
early stage for replacing the management;
The Code provides for takeover of management by insolvency professionals nominated by the
creditors. Professionals to have the flexibility to bring in turnaround specialists and consultants to
achieve the desired business results;
The Code provides for liquidation of a company at the earliest opportunity to minimise the losses for
debtors as well as shareholders.
Applicability, Scope & Structure
Applicability STRUCTURE
In entirety, the Code has 255 sections which are divided into
All kinds of:
5 Parts as given below
- Corporate Enterprises;
- Limited Liability Partnerships; Part II Part III
Part I Insolvency Insolvency Resolution
- Partnership Firms; and and Bankruptcy for
Preliminary Resolution and
- Individuals. (Definitions) Liquidation for individuals and
Corporate Persons Partnership Firms
Scope
- Insolvency; Part IV Part V Schedules
- Liquidation; Regulation of Miscellaneous (11 Schedules)
Insolvency (enables Provides for
- Voluntary Liquidation (solvent Professionals, amendments in other amendments to be
Agencies and statues such as carried out in other
insolvency); and
Information Utilities Companies Act 2013) statues
- Bankruptcy
Framework of the Code
Regulator Adjudicator
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India National Company Debt Recovery
(IBBI) Law Tribunal Tribunal
Corporate Non-Corporate
Insolvency Professional Agencies;
Entities Entities
Insolvency Professionals; and
Information Utilities Companies/LLPs Individuals and
Partnership Firms
Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process: Initiation and Commencement
Who is entitled to initiate Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process?
When can a Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process be initiated?
How the process will be initiated?
What are the after-effects of initiation?
Who is not entitled to initiate CIRP?
What is the timeline specified in the Code vis-à-vis completion of CIRP?
Broad CIRP-Process
Admission of application and appointment of Interim Resolution Professional
Collation of claims and constitution of committee of creditors by Interim Resolution Professional
Appointment of Resolution Professional in the creditors meeting held within 7 days of constitution
of committee of creditors
Resolution Professional to prepare Information Memorandum
Resolution Applicant to prepare (on the basis of Information Memorandum) and submit resolution plan to
Resolution Professional for examination & further submission for approval of committee of creditor
Resolution plan Resolution plan
approved by rejected by
committee committee
NCLT NCLT Liquidation process
approves plan rejects plan starts
Moratorium
When can NCLT declare Moratorium?
What does Moratorium includes:
- institution/continuation of suit or proceedings against the corporate debtor;
- transferring or disposing off any asset by the corporate debtor;
- any action to foreclose/recover any security interest created by corporate debtor vis-à-vis
property including any action under SARFAESI, 2002; and
- recovery of any property by an owner where property is occupied/ is in possession of
corporate debtor.
Moratorium shall cease to be in effect:
- on completion of CIRP; or
- when resolution plan is approved by NCLT during the CIRP period; or
- where liquidation order is passed
Public Announcement
When a public announcement shall be given?
An insolvency professional shall make a public announcement in Form A within 3 days from the
date of his appointment as an IRP.
The public announcement shall be published –
i. In one English and one regional language newspaper with wide circulation at the location of the
registered office and principal office;
ii. On the website of corporate debtor
iii. On the website, if any, designated by the Board for the purpose
Waterfall Mechanism
Insolvency resolution and liquidation cost
Secured creditor (in case he has + Workmen’s dues ( for period of 24 months
In case of liquidation, relinquished security) preceding liquidation commencement date)
the asset of the
corporate debtor will
Wages and unpaid dues to employees (other than workmen) for a period of 12 months
be sold and the
preceding liquidation commencement date
proceeds will be
distributed amongst
the creditors in the Unsecured creditors
following order of
priority:- Central and State government dues + Secured creditor for an unrealised amount for
enforcing security interest
Any remaining debts or dues
Preference shareholders, if any
Equity shareholders or partners, as the case may be
Interim Resolution Professional (“IRP”)
NCLT shall appoint an IRP within fourteen days from the insolvency commencement
date.
Role of IRP
From the date of appointment of the IRP-
the management of the affairs of the corporate debtor shall vest in the IRP;
the powers of the board of directors or the partners of the corporate debtor, shall
stand suspended and be exercised by the IRP;
the officers and managers of the corporate debtor shall report to the IRP and provide
access to documents of the corporate debtor as may be required by IRP
the financial institutions maintaining accounts of the corporate debtor shall act on
the instructions of IRP in relation to such accounts and furnish all information
relating to the corporate debtor available with them to the interim resolution
professional.
The interim resolution professional shall make every endeavor to protect and preserve the value of the property of the corporate debtor and manage the
operations of the corporate debtor as a going concern.
Duties of IRP
From the date of appointment of the IRP-
collect all information relating to the assets, finances and operations of the corporate
The interim resolution
debtor for determining the financial position of the corporate debtor
professional shall after
receive and collate all the claims submitted by creditors to him, pursuant to the collation of all claims
public announcement made; received against the
corporate debtor and
constitute a committee of creditors determination of the
financial position of the
file information collected with the information utility. corporate debtor,
constitute a committee
take control and custody of any asset over which the corporate debtor has ownership
of creditors
rights as recorded in the balance sheet of the corporate debtor, or with information
utility or the depository of securities or any other registry that records the ownership
of assets
The personnel of the corporate debtor, its promoters or any other person associated with
the management of the corporate debtor shall extend all assistance and cooperation to IRP
Powers of IRP
IRP has been vested with the powers to-
Appoint accountants, legal counsels who may provide specialist advice to the IRP;
The IRP may sell
unencumbered assets
Enter into contracts on behalf of the corporate debtor or to amend/ modify the
of the corporate
contracts which were entered into before the commencement of the CIRP;
debtor, other than in
Raise interim finance; the ordinary course of
business, if he is of the
opinion that such a sale
Issue instructions to the personnel of the corporate debtor to keep the corporate
is necessary for a
debtor as a going concern;
better realization of
Take all such actions as are necessary to keep the corporate debtor as a going value.
concern.
IRP has to manage the operations of the corporate debtor as a going concern to enable him to
protect and preserve the value of the property of the corporate debtor.
Resolution Professional (“RP”)
The committee of creditors, may, in the first meeting, by a majority vote of not less than 75% of the voting share of the financial
creditors, either resolve to appoint IRP as RP or to replace IRP by another RP.
RP shall conduct the entire Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (“CIRP”) and manage the
operations of the corporate debtor during CIRP period;
The RP shall give notice of each meeting of the committee of creditors to— (a) members of Committee
of creditors; (b) members of the suspended Board of Directors or the partners of the corporate persons
(c) operational creditors or their representatives if the amount of their aggregate dues is not less than
ten per cent of the debt.
Duties of RP
Preserve and protect The RP shall prepare an The RP shall submit Initiation of
the assets of the information the resolution plan Liquidation
corporate debtor, memorandum as approved by the
including the containing relevant committee of
continued business information as specified creditors to the
operations of the by IBBI for formulating a Adjudicating
corporate debtor resolution plan. Authority.
Role of IRP/RP in Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons
Public Announcement IRP to appoint 2 registered Submission of Proof of Verification of Claims by
by IRP within 3 days of valuers within 7 days of his Claims by creditors, workmen IRP within 7 days of
his appointment in appointment to determine the and employees to IRP in receipt
FORM A. liquidation value of corporate FORMs B,C,D,E as may be
By sending pdf file to debtor applicable. Constitution of
[Link]@[Link] Committee of Creditors
(“COC”)
RP shall present all Resolution RP on instruction of COC may
plans that meet requirements of apply for Extension of CIRP period Where corporate debtor has
Code to COC for its consideration before NCLT. no financial debt, COC shall
consist of-
• 18 largest operational
IRP/RP shall submit Information creditors by value
Memorandum in electronic form • 1 workmen representative
to each member of COC • 1 employee representative
IRP to file Report certifying
IRP shall provide the Liquidation IRP to convene first meeting constitution of COC to NCLT
value to COC in electronic form of COC within 7 days of filing within 30 days of his
the report appointment
Delving into the Code
Insolvency resolution process costs.
amounts due to suppliers of essential goods and services
amounts due to person whose rights are prejudicially affected
on account of moratorium
expenses incurred on or by IRP to the extent ratified
expenses incurred on or by RP fixed by COC
other costs directly relating to CIRP and approved by COC
Resolution plan shall identify specific sources of funds that
will be used to pay-
CIRP costs and provide that CIRP costs to be paid in priority
Liquidation value due to operational creditors and provide for
such payment in priority to any financial creditor
Liquidation value due to dissenting financial creditors
and provide that such payment is made before any
recoveries are made by the financial creditors who
voted in favor of the resolution plan
Delving into the Code
Details in Information Memorandum
Assets and Liabilities on Insolvency Commencement Date
Audited Financial Statements(“FS”) for last 2 FY’s and provisional FS up to not earlier than 14 days from
application
list of creditors with names, claim and security interest
Related party debts due to/from corporate debtor
details of guarantees
details of partners/members holding at least 1% stake in corporate debtor
details of material litigation and ongoing investigation initiated by government and statutory authorities
number of workers/employees and liability towards them
the liquidation value
the liquidation value due to operational creditors
other information which RP deems relevant to the COC
Broad Liquidation Process
Appointment of Liquidator
Formation of Liquidation Estate
Consolidation of claims
Verification of claims
Admission or Rejection of claims
Determination of value of claims
Appeal by the Creditor to the NCLT, within 14 days of rejection of claims
Liquidator to scrutinise Preferential, under-valued and extortionate credit
transactions
Distribution of assets and dissolution of Corporate Debtor
Initiation of Liquidation
Where the RP, at any time during the CIRP but before confirmation of resolution plan, intimates the NCLT of the decision of the
committee of creditors to liquidate the corporate debtor, NCLT shall pass a liquidation order
RP appointed for CIRP shall act as the liquidator for the purposes of liquidation unless replaced by NCLT
Duties of Liquidator
to verify claims of all to take into his to evaluate the to carry on the to sell the immovable and
the creditors custody or control all assets and business of the movable property and
the assets, property, property of the corporate actionable claims of the
to draw, accept,
effects and corporate debtor debtor for its corporate debtor in
make and endorse
actionable claims of and prepare a beneficial liquidation by public
any negotiable
the corporate debtor report liquidation auction or private contract
instruments in the
name and on behalf to take out, in his official name, letter of to obtain any professional to perform
of the corporate administration to any deceased assistance from any person or such other
debtor contributory and to do in his official name appoint any professional, in functions as
any other act necessary for obtaining discharge of his duties, may be
payment of any money due and payable obligations and specified
from a contributory or his estate responsibilities
CASE STUDY
(a) A Ltd. (Company) is engaged in the manufacturing of Sponge Iron, TMT bars and Galvanized wires. It has availed
various credit facilities from a total of 19 secured creditors with an outstanding debt of Rs.1500 crore. Due to
adverse market conditions, its financial position took a downturn and hence it filed a reference with the Board
for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR). The reference was duly registered. During the proceedings
before BIFR, one of the secured creditors, after taking consent of the other creditors of the company, filed an
application for abatement of the reference before BIFR.
(b) Meanwhile, one of the unsecured creditors filed an application before BIFR for the impleadment in the
proceedings. The BIFR dismissed the said application due to non-prosecution.
(c) Subsequently, upon coming into force of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, the company filed an
application for initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) before National Company Law
Tribunal (NCLT) on 09.12.2016. However, in the first meeting of the Committee of Creditors held on 05.01.2017,
the financial creditors of the company decided to liquidate the company. Immediately after this decision, but
before intimating the decision to the NCLT, one of the financial creditors of the company applied to Resolution
Professional (RP) giving proof of his claim and seeking his inclusion in the Committee of Creditors.
