Thermodynamics 2 (TRDMIA2)
Lecture 8
2023
Entropy of perfect gases
Chapter 4
Entropy
• Entropy is denoted by letter S and it is an important property of a working substance.
• Entropy is the measure of the amount of disorder of a system
• Entropy increases with the addition of heat and decreases with heat removal.
• Thus, heat absorbed/removed by a working substance is:
δQ = TdS
where dS is the change in entropy ( increase or decrease), T is the absolute temperature
and δQ is the heat absorbed/rejected.
• Then the change in entropy is: [J/K or kJ/K]
• Specific entropy, denoted by “s” ,is per kg of working substance hence, [kJ/kgK]
-
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Entropy
• Entropy is a property of the system
• Its change is independent of the path of the process
• The change is a function of end state points only dS=S2-S1
NOTES:
- The area under T-S diagram of a thermodynamic process represents the
heat absorbed/rejected in that process
- The entropy remains constant in a reversible cyclic process and
increases in an irreversible cyclic process
- At absolute zero temperature, the entropy is zero
- Water at 0⁰C is assumed to have zero entropy, any changes of entropy
are considered from this temperature.
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Entropy
δQ = dU + δW = dU + pdV
True for reversible processes only
but, δQ = T dS
thus, TdS = dU + pdV True for both, reversible and irreversible processes
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Importance of entropy
Efficiency of a heat engine
• For one degree change in temperature,
(change in entropy)
Therefore, the change in entropy represents:
• The maximum amount of work obtainable per degree change in temperature
• A measure of the rate of the available (or unavailable) heat to be transformed into work.
Available heat – is the part of heat energy that can be converted into mechanical work
Unavailable heat – is the part of heat energy that can not be converted into mechanical work
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Entropy – Clausius inequality
• The Clausius inequality is an important inequality and was expressed as:
• This means that the cyclic integral of 𝛿𝑄/𝑇 is always less than, or equal to zero.
• This inequality is valid for all cycles, reversible and irreversible.
• The cyclic integral means that the integration is performed over the entire cycle.
• The integral takes the sum of all the differential amounts of heat transfer to and from a
system divided by the temperature at the boundary.
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Entropy – Clausius inequality
• The equality holds for reversible cyclic processes
• The inequality holds for irreversible cyclic processes
<0
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The increase in entropy principle
Consider a cycle made up of two processes, one reversible and the other irreversible.
2 1
∫
1
𝛿𝑄
𝑇
+∫
2
𝛿𝑄
𝑇 ( ) 𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣
≤0
∫ 𝛿𝑇𝑄 + ( 𝑆 1 − 𝑆2 ) ≤ 0
1
Figure 1. Cycle made of two processes
2
𝛿𝑄
𝑆 2 − 𝑆1 ≥ ∫
1 𝑇 entropy transfer
𝛿𝑄
d 𝑆≥ expressed in differential form
𝑇
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The increase in entropy principle
2
𝛿𝑄 𝛿𝑄
𝑆 2 − 𝑆1 ≥ ∫ entropy transfer ∆ 𝑆≥
𝑇 𝑇
1
• The equality holds for internally reversible process, while the inequality for an irreversible process.
• Entropy change of a closed system during an irreversible process is always greater than the
entropy transfer.
• In other words, some entropy is generated during an irreversible process and this entropy is
attributed to the irreversibilities.
• The entropy generated is referred to as entropy generation
• The difference between the entropy change of a closed system and the entropy transfer is equal to
the entropy generation:
or
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The increase in entropy principle
• The entropy of an isolated system, during a process, always increases (or remains constant for
reversible process). That is, it never decreases.
• This is known as the increase of entropy principle.
• The entropy change of a system can be negative during a process but entropy generation cannot.
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Conclusions about Entropy
Entropy is conserved during the reversible
(idealized) processes and is increasing for
all actual processes
The entropy generation is a measure of the
magnitudes of the irreversibilities during a
process; the greater the irreversibilities, the
greater the entropy generation
Entropy generation is used to determine
criteria of performance of engineering
devices
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General expression for change in entropy for perfect gases
There are three equivalent expressions for change in entropy of a perfect gas. From one expression,
by manipulating the general gas equation pV/T=constant, the other two may be expressed.
Expression of dS function of T and V
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General expression for change in entropy for perfect gases
Expression of dS function of T and p
𝑇2 𝑉2
𝑑𝑆=𝑚 𝑐 𝑣 ln +𝑚𝑅 ln
𝑇1 𝑉1
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General expression for change in entropy for perfect gases
Expression of dS function of V and p
𝑇2 𝑉2
𝑑𝑆=𝑚 𝑐 𝑣 ln +𝑚𝑅 ln
𝑇1 𝑉1
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Example 4.3 (TB)
• A vessel of capacity 3 m3 contains air at a pressure of 1.5 bar and a temperature of 25 °C. Additional air is now pumped into the
system until the pressure rises to 30 bar and the temperature rises to 60 °C. Determine the mass of air pumped in, and express
the quantity as a volume at a pressure of 1.02 bar and temperature of 20 °C.
• If the vessel is allowed to cool until the temperature is again 25 °C, calculate the pressure in the vessel. Determine the quantity
of heat transferred and change of entropy of the gas during the cooling process only. Neglect the effect of heat capacity of the
vessel. Assume air as an ideal gas.
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Example 4.4 (TB)
An insulated vessel of capacity 0.056 m 3 is divided into two compartments A and B by a conducting diaphragm. Each
compartment has a capacity of 0. 028 m3. Compartment A contains air at a pressure of 1.5 bar and 25 °C while compartment B
contains air at a pressure of 4.2 bar and 175 °C. Find:1) final equilibrium temperature, 2) final pressure on each side of the
diaphragm, and 3) change of entropy of the system
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