COMMERCIAL BEEKEEPING

Project name(ELM- 424)

Presented By-Rajnish
kumar
Class-B.Sc
Agriculture(hons.) Sem 7th
Roll No-19110012559

• Class name, number

• Instructor
• Group member names P.G.DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
KHALSA COLLEGE
AMRITSAR
2022
 INTRODUCTION

 APICULTURE (BEEKEEPING) : Apiculture or Beekeeping is

the care and management of honey bees for the production of
honey and wax
Or
 Apiculture is the rearing of bees . Main reason for beekeeping
is to produce honey.
 The location where bees are kept is called an apiary
 LL LANGSTROTH- Father of modern bee keeping
 Newton : Father of bee keeping in India
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

KINGDOM​ Animalia​
PHYLUM​ Arthropoda​
CLASS​ Insecta​
ORDER​ Hymenoptera​
FAMILY​ Apidae​
GENUS​ Apis​
 IMPORTANT SPECIES OF HONEYBEE

Apis dorsata (Doomna/Rock bee)                                             Apis florea  (Little bee) 

Apis cerana (Asian /Indian bee)                                        Apis melifera (EuropeanBee)                          

CASTE DIFFERENTIATION

• QUEEN: QUEEN IS THE MOTHER

OF COLONY. EACH HIVE HAS A
SINGLE QUEEN BEE AND IS THE
ONLY REPRODUCTIVE BEE IN
THE COLONY. THE QUEEN BEE
WILL LAY UP TO 2,000 EGGS
PER DAY. QUEEN BEES HAVE A
LONGER ABDOMEN AND SMALL
WING
• WORKER: VARIOUS DUTIES LIKE
FEEDING , BUILDING COMB ,
GUARD DUTY AND ANOTHER
OUTSIDE DUTIES
• DRONE: THEIR PRIMARY
PURPOSE IS TO MATE WITH A
QUEEN BEE . THE DRONE DOES
NOT PARTICIPATE IN ANY
TASKS AROUND THE HIVE.
Project Description

• Results

• Add your results here

MORPHOLOGY OF HONEY BEE
Body of honey bee divided into 3 parts-

• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen
 Head 

HEAD EYES

ANTENNA
STING
 Thorax (legs)

THORAX

WINGS

FORE LEGS
 Abdomen 

• The first abdominal segment fused is fused with

metathorax which is known as propodeum
• The rest abdomen is known as gaster .
• The second segment is constricted and called
petiole.
• 4-7th abdominal segment have one pair of wax
gland.
• 6-7th abdominal segment have nosnov gland.
• In female castes have 2-6 segment are visible.
• The other 3 segment modify to sting.
 BEEKEEPING EQUIPMENTS

• BEE VEIL - A BEE VEIL IS REQUIRED TO COVER NECK, FACE AND HEAD OF THE
KEEPER DURING HANDLING USUALLY, IT IS MADE OF LINENS.
• GLOVES – LEATHER GLOVES ARE USED TO PREVENT BEES FROM STINGING
DURING HANDLING OF THE COMB AND BEES.
• HIVE STAND- THIS IS USED TO KEEP THE BEE HIVE ABOVE THE GROUND SO AS
TO PROTECT THE COLONY FROM TERMITES, ANTS AND OTHER CRAWLING
INSECTS.
• HIVE TOOL - AN IRON STRIP USED FOR OPENING OF HIVE AND ITS CLEARING.  
• SMOKER - USED TO PRODUCE SMOKE TO DRIVE AWAY BEES.     
•  BEE BRUSH - USED FOR BRUSHING THE BEES FROM THE HONEY COMB BEFORE
EXTRACTION. 
• QUEEN CAGE: IT IS SIMPLE RECTANGULAR QUEEN INTRODUCING CAGE.   
• QUEEN EXCLUDER: IT IS USED TO SEPARATE BROOD
CHAMBER FROM THE SUPERS WHERE HONEY IS
STORED.   
• PROPOLIS SHEET: IT IS USED TO COVER THE
FRAMES FROM TOP SO THAT THE TOP COVER MAY
NOT STICK WITH FRAMES
• POLLEN TRAP: POLLEN TRAPPING SCREEN INSIDE
THIS TRAP SCRAPES PELLETS FROM THE LEGS OF
THERE TURNING FORAGERS. IT IS SET AT THE HIVE
ENTRANCE. THE COLLECTED POLLEN PELLETS FALL
INTO A DRAWER TYPE OF RECEIVING TRAY.  
• REFRACTOMETER:  IT IS AN OPTICAL INSTRUMENT
BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT
AND IS USED TO CHECK THE TOTAL SOLUBLE
SUGARS OF HONEY AND ITS READING IS IN BRIX.
LANGSTROTH HIVE
 BEE FLORA

Plants that yield pollen and nectar are collectively called bee pasturage or bee forage or bee
flora.
Foraging: This refers to collection of nectar and pollen by bees.
Nectar foragers: These collect nectar from flowers using lapping tongue and pass the nectar to
hive bees. Hive bees repeatedly pass the nectar between pre oral cavity and tongue to ripen the
honey. Later they drop the ripened honey into cells.
Pollen foragers: They collect pollen by passing through different flowers.
 COLONY HANDLING
• Hive should not be opened on a windy, chilly
day or the period when bees are not working
outside the hive
• Do not be shaky while handling bees. Take
care and avoid quick and jerking movements
• Before handling bee colonies, it is better to
wear a bee veil.
• Do not use sweet smelling cosmetic materials
such as Perfumes, hair sprays, colognes, etc.
before handling bees. Bees may be attracted or
irritated by such smells. Some people feel
sweat may attract bees and lead to stings.
MASS REARING TECHNIQUES OF QUEEN BEE:
Need of queen rearing: 
1) Supersedure (over age of queen) 
2) Swarming (over population) 
3) Emergency (Accidental Death)

 DOOLITTLE METHOD – With grafting needle pick larvae and put in the
queen caps fitted into the queen builder colony. The caps are clipped 5
times in bee wax.
 Grafting- there are three types of grafting can be used for queen rearing.
• Dry- No priming(means not to feed with royal jelly) is done in the caps.
• Wet-caps are fed with royal jelly.
• Double- in this workers take care, priming with royal jelly. After worker
take care, they feed royal jelly and next day destroy the larvae and insert
new one so that healthy queen can be developed.
 PLACING  ANT  WELLS AND
MAKING CROSS WITH POISONOUS CHALK  ​
• Purpose of placing ant wells : For preventing hive
from ants
• Plastic glasses were placed and filled with water
 WAX  EXTRACTION

Let the comb melted

Comb extracting from frame

Extracted comb

Melted wax was filtered with

Muslin cloth was Bee Wax
muslin cloth
•Making cross with ant chalk for ant prevention​
 SEASONAL MANAGEMENT:

     WINTER MANAGEMENT:

• HIVE SHIFTING TO SUNNY PLACE BY  CLOSING HIVE
ENTRANCE  WITH HIVE GATE  AFTER SUNSET. AND
SHIFT THEM IN NIGHT.
• INSPECTION IS DONE ONCE A MONTH OPEN HIVE
ONCE IN A MONTH OR TWICE IN EMERGENCY BUT
OPEN ONLY IN SUNNY DAY.
• FEED IS GIVEN TO BEES DIRECTLY AS THERE LESS
IN NUMBER OF FLOWERS DIRECTLY PORE
SOLUTION ON THE FRAMES.
• REDUCE THE ENTRANCE SIZE BY USING MUD OR
COW DUNG.
• USE STRAW STRAW, POLYTHENE IN EMPTY SPACE
AND DOUBLE JUTE BAG.
• ALSO COVER IT FROM PADDY STRAW FROM OUT OF
THE HIVE.
    SPRING SEASON MANAGEMENT:
• INSPECTION OF HIVES- REMOVAL OF OUTER AND
INNER PACKING AND INSPECTION OF QUEEN AND
WORKERS.

• FEED THEM SUGAR SYRUP.

• EQUALIZING OF COLONY HIVE HAVE STRONG

POPULATION OR FRAME HAVE TO SHIFT TO ANOTHER
HIVE BY NEWSPAPER METHOD

• PROVISION OF SPACE – ADD NUMBER OF SUPER FOR

GIVING THEM SPACE.
   SUMMER SEASON MANAGEMENT:
• SHIFT HIVE TO SHADY AREAS.
• SPRINKLE WATER ON APIARY.
• WET JUTE BAGS ARE ALSO USED.
• FEEDING (1:8)
• PEST MANAGEMENT- ANT WELLS.
• TILT SUPER FROM BROOD CHAMBER FOR
VENTILATION.
 HONEY TESTING

•To ensure reliability of honey, testing is important and also to measure the
moisture content of honey.
•Different methods of honey testing
1. The water test: Take water in jar and a drop of honey was poured in
it .If honey is dissolved , it means honey is not pure. In the following
pictures honey was not dissolved and then it was pure honey
2. Digital Refractometer : In this method ,drops of honey was poured on knob of
refractometer and then checking the TSS of honey.TSS of honey during testing was 15.5.

3.Cloth burn method : In this method , honey was poured on cloth & burn it , if cloth
burned without noise then honey is pure . If crackling sound produced then it is not pure .
4.Cloth Strain Method : In this method , honey drops were poured on cloth & leave
it for sometime . When poured honey was dried out cloth was wash out , and if it
leaves strain then honey is not pure
 DISEASES OF HONEY BEE

American foul brood European foul brood

Bee septicaemia
Nosema disease
 HIVE  PRODUCTS  &  THEIR  USES:

       HONEY 
• As food, medicine, cosmetics, etc.
• Use in pest control.

Beeswax
• Beeswax is a great moisturizing agent with anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory
properties.
• It soothes irritated skin and is, therefore, used as an ingredient in applicants for
healing eczema and rosacea.
• The by-product also has properties for relieving pain.
• Candles, lip balms, and salves made of beeswax are quite popular.

      Propolis
• Propolis is a natural antioxidant with antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral
properties.
• It is used in medicines to cure inflammation, boost immunity, and reduce free
radicals.
Bee Pollen
• Bee Pollen is rich in all the nutrients that humans need,
making it a highly nutritious superfood.
• Containing vitamin B12, it boasts antiviral and antibacterial
properties.
• The by-product is also used for lower cholesterol levels and
strengthening capillaries.

Bee Venom
• Some clinical trials have proved that bee venom can treat
inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis.
• Some of the other diseases that bee venom can treat include
arthritis, Parkinson’s disease, and frozen shoulder, among
others.

Royal Jelly
• Royal jelly fights anemia and lagging development in children.
• It helps treat viral infections, depression, anxiety,
constipation, hypertension, diabetes, malnutrition, hormonal
imbalances, and many more diseases in adults.
• This by-product has antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal,
antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also
beneficial for the immune system.
THANKS