Filipino Psychology

Concepts and Methods

 Sikolohiya sa
Pilipinas
 Psychology in the Philippines

refers to a series of events related to the field of

psychology in the Philippines.
(e.g. number of degree programs and
journals, the amount of research conducted)

ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo

ng sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino.
 Sikolohiya ng mga
Pilipino
 Psychology of Filipinos

refers to any theories or knowledge of

Filipino nature regardless of source, Western or
local

palasak na anyo sapagkat

pinakakaraniwan o madaling makita.
 Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
 Filipino Psychology

refers to a psychology based on the Filipino’s

true thoughts, feelings, behaviors and must
derive from indigenous Filipino sources,
language, and methods.

nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng

karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong Pilipino
 Limits of Western Concepts &
Methods
 Issue

Applicability of the Western theories and

principles taught as well as the research
concepts and methods used in the
Philippine setting.

Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of

Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Quezon City.
 Limits of Western Concepts &
Methods

 The limits of Western social research methods

in the Philippines and the need for innovation

Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at Gamit.

Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon
City.
 Limits of Western Concepts &
Methods

 The limits of applicability of Western concepts,

values and methods in the social sciences to the
concrete realities of Asian societies.

Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Readings.

V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) (1990) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon
City.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino
from a movement to an academic discipline
 Principal emphasis in psychology

Identity and national consciousness

Social awareness and involvement
Psychology of language and
culture
Applications & bases of Filipino psychology
(health practices, agriculture, art, religion)
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: The
Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press. QC
 Primary areas of protests of
Sikolohiyang
 Pilipino
It is against a ppsychology that perpetuates
the colonial status of the Filipino mind a
psychology used for the exploitationof the masses
the imposition of psychologies developed in
foreign countries
 Positions of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
 On psychological practice

conceptualization of psychological practice in a

Philippine context (industriya vs. kabuhayan;
klinika vs. kalusugan)

concerned with folk practices, indigenous

techniques of healing, popular religio-political
movements
 Positions of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
 On Science – Humanism issue

utilizes scientific methodology in the study of

psychological phenomena

concerned not only with the universal validity of

psychological science but also in utilizing such
for the purpose of serving the interest of all
mankind, affording protection to the
disadvantaged
 Positions of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
 On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue

uses both phenomenological & behavioristic

concepts, but lesser emphasis on individual
experience and greater emphasis on the
collective experience

attaches greater importance to kamalayan,

subsidiary importance to ulirat
 Positions of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
 On Analysis – Wholeness Issue

methodologically leans on the side of analysis

but interprets the result of analysis with a
bias for wholeness
(social context, political implications, cultural
meaning of the study)
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a ‘taong-
bahay’
 Metaphor

Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained through a

metaphor: (a characteristic way of clarifying
concepts) – difference between tao sa bahay
(person in the house) and taong-bahay (house
person).
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino
is a call
 for the exercise of care in the adoption of foreign
theories… “uncritical rejection is just as
dangerous as uncritical acceptance of Western
theories”

 for example: psychological problems are h

te same
anywhere however, the sources of such
problems differ greatly
 Lines of filiations in
Philippine psychological
thought
 Academic-scientific psychology: Western
 Academic-philosophical psychology: Clergy
 Ethnic psychology: Indigenous psychology
 Psycho-medical system: Religion -
cohesive element and explanation.

Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at

kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore,
Inc.: Manila.
 Psychology: the Western
tradition
 Academic-scientific psychology:
Wilhelm Wundt, the German tradition
University of the Philippines (1908)
and other American traditional schools

 Academic-philosophical psychology:
Thomistic philosophy and psychology
University of Santo Tomas (1611)
 Ethnic psychology Native
psychological thought
 Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and
katutubong sikolohiya.

 Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic traits, as

observed by foreigners or as felt and expressed
by Filipinos.

 The practice of psychology by Filipinos –

techniques of enculturation, socialization.
 Psychology: the Filipino
tradition
Ethnic psychology

 Kinagisnang sikolohiya
the subconscious psychology imbedded in the
native language, art, music, culture and religion
(one has been born into; unaware).
e.g. kaluluwa at ginhawa
Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit.
Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the Philippines Press: Quezon
City.
 Psychology: the Filipino
tradition
Ethnic psychology

 Katutubong sikolohiya
psychology worked out by Filipinos with
indigenous elements as basis (innate to the
Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose
Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes.

Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang

sikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiya
 Psychology: the Filipino
tradition
Ethnic psychology

 Psychology of Filipinos- based on m a i n l y

Western system of thought e.g. Spanish:
Pigafetta’s quite objective observation of the
Filipinos in the Visayas (impressed by them);
American: Worcester’s view of the Filipinos as
distinct ethnic groups different from one another
as Christian and non-Christian (pagans and
Moros).
 Psychology: the Filipino
tradition
Ethnic psychology

 Practice of psychology by Filipinos:

a.indigenous techniques of enculturation/
socialization, e.g. myths for social control, or as
affected by Christianity or Islam.
b.proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo,
manghuhula, ancient techniques of group
therapy that are still present (alternating chants
during wakes, poetry, consensus).
 Psychology: the Filipino
tradition
 Ethnic psychology

Psycho-medical system: religion as

cohesive element and explanation.
(1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques
of healing; disease theory, causation,
therapy.
(1650) Messianic movements
(1730) Herbolaryo
(1900) Espiritista
 Filipino psychological
knowledge
 Filipino Language

use as a tool for identifying/

rediscovering indigenous concepts

e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the wealth

of ideas implied by the philosophical concept of
“essence”
 Filipino
Language
“Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and
does his writing in Pilipino; merely as a heuristic
device, a discovery procedure… returning to the
‘deep structure’ of the language… Enriquez
worked in an area where Filipinos are most
adept, where the language has a rich vocabulary
of feeling and sentiment.”

Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of readings.

V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.
 Language, a
Heuristic Tool
 Methods:Ethnography Language Analysis,
Semantics, Introspection

Language provided the instrument to refine the

tools of research so as to discover categories
and subcategories which would be lost to a
Western English-speaking researcher…
 Filipino, the Philippine lingua
franca
The issue of national language has long been
resolved by the Filipino masses through their
use and propagation of a language based on the
Manila lingua franca, Manila being the seat of
government, the business hub, melting pot,
center of history.

Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial politics

and language struggle in the Philippines. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Quezon City.
 Language &
Knowledge
 System of communication
summing-up our lived experiences

 Social interaction
expressing our thoughts and
feelings

 Spoken language
from bodily gestures to linguistic
acts
specialized speech apparatus
primary medium of communication
 Thinking &
Language
 Interdependence of knowledge & language, .ie. the
thinking process cannot work independently of
language

 Language is not a neutral system of signs nor si

it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the values,
perspectives, and rules of cognition of a
particular class or society
 Language, history, and socio-
economic-cultural life
 Specific historical features and socio-economic-
cultural conditions shape the thinking and
language of a people, giving distinctive
meanings and value judgments to their words.

 Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of h te

innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of a
people bound by a common historical heritage
and a specific socio-economic-cultural
environment.
 Psychological concepts
and human
behavior
 The formation of psychological concepts is hte
more important stage in the entire process of
understanding human behavior.

 These concepts lay the foundation for h te

formation of indigenous psychological theories
and models of analysis that correspond more
fully to the realities of the life and culture of a
society.
 Development of technical terminology
in Filipino Psychology
 System of affixation in the Filipino
language a resource for terminology
development

 The meaning changes because of the use

of affixes (suffixes,
prefixes, infixes, postfixes)
paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore,
Inc.: Manila
 Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
 Loan translation (saling-hiram)
defense mechanism
mekanismong pananggalang
 Word invention (salitang likha)
masturbation – mag-isang pagpaparaos
 Abbreviated words (salitang daglat)
STM short term memory
PUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao
 Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
 Parallel translation (salitang-tapat)
relationship = pakikisalamuha
 Indigenous-concept oriented translation
(salitang taal)
kapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-tao
 Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib)
mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay
 Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
Categorization of words and concepts
 Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)
home for the aged
 Superficial assimilation
(paimbabaw na asimilasyon)
reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may napala’
 Labeling (pagbibinyag)
utang-na-loob - reciprocity
hiya - shame
pakikisama - comradeship
 Development of technical terminology in
Filipino Psychology
Categorization of words and concepts
 Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha)
paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by)
 Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda)
gunita – recall, alaala – memory
personality is personalidad not pagkatao
 Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto)
saling-pusa (informal member)
pagka-pikon (to be peeved)
 Kapwa, a core concept in
Filipino Psychology
 The Filipino language provides a conceptual
distinction in several levels and modes of social
interaction (antas ng pagtutunguhan).

 Eight behaviorally recognizable levels under w

to
general categories in Filipino were identified
(ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao).

Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:

Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the
Philippines Press: Quezon City.
 Kapwa, a core
concept in
Filipino
 Ibang-tao (outsider)
Psychology
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’)
pakikilahok (joining, participating)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting)
 Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us)
pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
pakikisangkot (getting involved)
pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion)
 Kapwa, the shared
inner self
 Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others)
others is used in opposition to the ‘self’
implies the recognition of the ‘self’
‘self’ as a separate identity
 Kapwa in Filipino
a recognition of shared identity
an inner self shared with others
the ‘ako’ (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’ (others) are
one and the same in kapwa psychology
 Kapwa, a core concept in
Filipino Psychology
 Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are mutually
replaceable in taxonomic analysis,
either covers the entire lexical domain.

 Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile

concept when analyzed semantically; much
deeper and profound in its implications as it
means accepting and dealing with the other
person as an equal.
 Pakikiramdam:
the pivotal aspect of kapwa
 refers to heightened awareness, sensitivity
 ‘feeling for another’
 a kind of emotional a priori
 an active process involving great care and
deliberation manifested in ‘hesitation to react,
inattention to subtle cues, and non-verbal
behavior in mental role-playing

Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation psychology: The

Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed) (1992) UP Press.
 Pakikiramdam:
the pivotal aspect of kapwa
 Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the operation
of all Filipino surface values:
pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob
 The improvisatory character of pakikiramdam is
operative in bahala na
lakas ng loob, pakikibaka
 The centrality of pakiramdam in behavioral and
interpersonal domains:
biro-lambing-tampo.
 The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
MajorKnowledge
goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 pagsasakatutubo (indigenization)
 pagka-agham (science)
 pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity)

Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at

kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore,
Inc.: Manila
 The Development of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Knowledge
The project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 development of indigenous
psychological concepts
 utilization of indigenous research methods
 creation of authentic and appropriate
social scientific psychology
Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman.
Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.:
Manila
 Research
Approaches
 Experimental - adherence to predetermined
set of procedures
 Survey – conform to an informal agreement wth i
respondents
 Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as
they arise
 Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness
as one-with-the-other
 Indigenous
Research
 Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the modern
and the traditional i.e. using scientific methods
and ensuring that they are culturally appropriate.

 Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows concepts

from both the modern and traditional cultural
systems.
 Approaches in the development &
utilization of indigenous
viewpoints
 Indigenization from within
basis: the indigenous
direction: outwards
culture-as-source

 Indigenization from without

basis: the exogenous
direction: inwards culture-
as-target
 Indigenization from
without
 Content indigenization
translation of imported materials

 Theoretic indigenization

 Indigenization as strategy

 Culture assimilation
indigenous versions of imported
systems
 Indigenization from
within
 Identification of indigenous concepts,
methods, theories
 Semantic elaboration
 Indigenous codification re-codification
 Systematization/explication of implied theoretical
frameworks
 Application/use
 Using the culture as
source
 Indigenization from
within
need for cultural
necessarily implies
the revalidation
a demand for concepts and methods which are
culturally appropriate, scientifically valid
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 Language culture
ethnolingguistic groups, multilingual people
 Leisure
laro, laruan, palaro (patintero, sipa, piko)
 Cuisine
adobo, bistik, dinuguan at puto, halo-halo
 Law
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 Religion culture
belief in a supreme being (Batlaya)

respect for nature (spirits dwell in nature)

reverence for ancestry (bulol, anito,

ninuno)
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 Religion culture

underscores the importance of establishing

close interpersonal relations with one’s family,
relatives and fellowmen (kapwa)

highly-developed sense of values: courage,

cleanliness, courtesy, control and the family
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 Religion culture

indigenous morality: profound concept

of pagkamakatao

babaylan (priestess), dambana (shrine)

rituals and symbols for good (benevolent diwata)

and evil (malevolent aswang)
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 culture
Manuscripts, memories, mummies lost

bell of Balangica, baybayin (alibata),

burial grounds in Sagada

 Misa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis

kita

Foreign words subsumed in the structure

of the Filipino language
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 culture(T), Dawani Paros
Names: Sinag Liwayway (B),
Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili Ayo (C), Sudi
Amor (I)

 Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka Amado

 Theater and Film: Fernando Poe Jr.

Tagalog movies shown in theaters from Batanes
to Jolo
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 Medicine culture
lason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides have gone
semantic transformation- result of massive
promotion during the Marcos’ Green Revolution
project

herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot,

concepts attributing illness to displaced organs
that have to be massaged back into its correct
position
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 Music and Arts: culture
Sarong Banggi (B), Ati Cu Pung
Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I), Pobreng
Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H), Salidumay (S);
Kulilal Ensemble of Palawan, Kutyapi Artists of
Maguindanao

 Rituals and Ceremonies: agimat (talisman), mutya

(charm), gayuma (spell), anting-anting (amulet);
bulong (whisper); sapi (spirit possession)
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 Methods: doingculture
diagnosis

psychodiagnostician determine culturally-defined

cause of affliction through patawas,
pagbatbat/pag-usisa, pagpakot, pamulso.

beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende.

 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 Meanings: culture

Hiyang – (compatible, suited) in indigenous

medical practice, it means compatibility of the
treatment and medicine with the individual.

Lagnat laki (‘growing-up’ fever); Lugaw is

perceived as ‘food for the sick’
 Traditional Filipino indigenous
psychology and
 culture
Genetic diversity of indigenous plants
e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured through
centuries by indigenous people

 Herbal knowledge
e.g. pito-pito, herbal tea from seven leaves:
bayabas, banaba, alagao, kulantro, mango,
pandan – use to detoxify the body.
 Philippine cultural
studies
 Perspectival and Interpretive Models

absolutist position - assumes the basic

congruence of psychological phenomena across
humankind

relativist position – assumes differences across

cultures, if not the uniqueness of each one
 Philippine cultural
studies
pangkami (reactive relativist), assumes the utility
of an alien frame of reference

pantayong pananaw (ethnocentric), assumes the

absolutist indigenous perspective

universalist position implied by the kapwa and

cross indigenous orientation of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
 Philippine cultural
studies
 Universalist position

assumes that basic psychological processes are

likely to be common features of human life
everywhere, yet their manifestations are likely to
be influenced by culture
 Philippine cultural
studies
 Emic approach (phonemic)
the need to understand a culture from its
own perspective (using natural taxonomies)

 Etic approach (phonetic)

the discovery of psychological universal
 Filipino intellectual
tradition
 Philosophical traditions and paradigms of science
as neither Eastern nor Western

 The West does not have a monopoly of scientific

standards, in fact science evolved from Eastern
intellectual traditions

 Filipino intellectual traditions: the Ma’aram, si

Pilosopong Tasyo
 Filipino intellectual
tradition
 Filipino philosophy of science incorporates h te
demands of empirical validation from reliability
and validity to affirmability and authenticity.
 Levels of validity & scientific standards
katatagan (replicability, reliability)
katapatan (multiple operationism, validity)
patibay (certification)
patotoo (affirmability, attestability)
patunay (authenticity)
 Filipino indigenous
theories
 Filipino concepts and models of personality

The five elements of the Ma’aram concept

of pagkatawo (personhood):
ginhawa (vital principle)
buot (perception)
isip (mind)
dungan (sleep spirit)
kalag (life spirit)
 Filipino indigenous
theories
 Filipino concepts and models of personality

Three elements in Baltazar’s model:

bait (sanity)
muni (reflection)
hatol (judgment)
 Filipino indigenous
theories
 Filipino concepts and models of personality

The four elements in Covar’s concept of Filipino

personhood:

kaluluwa (spirit)
budhi (conscience)
katauhang panlabas, external appearance
katauhang panloob (innermost being)
 Filipino indigenous
theories
 Filipino social interaction theory
Levels and modes of social interaction rooted in
Filipino collectivist culture which have been
identified using ethnoscientific field methods.

 Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social

psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is accepting,
dealing with the other person as an equal.
 Filipino indigenous
concepts
 Filipino concept of justice
Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos use a
common word for justice, katarungan,
derived
from the Visayan root tarong means
straight,
upright, appropriate, correct, and for right,
we use karapatan, whose root is dapat
signifying
fitting, appropriate, correct i.e. justice is
related to right
Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman.
Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.:
Manila
 Research
Models
 Models of data collection
Self-orientation
Experimenter-orientation
Reactive-orientation
Mutual-orientation
Linda L. Viney (1988) in Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous psychology and
cultural empowerment. Virgilo G. Enriquez (Ed.) 1994. Akademya ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Quezon City.
 Research
Models
 Models of data collection

Self-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributors relate to the
other only to the extent of waiting until the other
stops responding, e.g. laboratory-based studies
of memory. Communication is not taking place
between them through socially shared
interpretations or common constructs.
 Research
Models
 Models of data collection

Experimenter-orientation Model:
the data collectors appear to influence while only
the data contributors appear to be influenced,
e.g. Asch’s person perception study; an
imbalance of power in favor of data collectors
who appear to define the experimental situation.
 Research
Models
 Models of data collection

Reactive-orientation Model:
the participants in the data collection are
reacting to what is currently taking place
between them, e.g. verbal conditioning research;
yet the capacities of both data contributors
and
collectors to construe are assumed to be
unimportant and are ignored.
 Research
Models
 Models of data collection

Mutual-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributor give something
to, and gain something from the data
collection,
e.g. Piaget’s early research on conservation.
Indigenous psychology research uses this model
as the cultural researcher is a culture bearer
himself.
 Research
Models
Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model
 Scale of the Researcher
Iskala ng Mananaliksik
 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between
the Researcher and the Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik
at Kalahok
Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia E. Pe-Pua (Ed.). UP Press.
 Santiago-Enriquez Research
Model
Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model
 Scale of the Researcher
Iskala ng Mananaliksik

These are methods used by the researcher in

generating data that are tried and tested and are
culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing
research with Filipinos.
 Santiago-Enriquez Research
Model
Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model
 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between
the Researcher and the Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik
at Kalahok

The level of interaction between the researcher

and the researchee significantly determines the
quality of data obtained.
 Santiago-Enriquez Research
Model
Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model
 Levels of Relationship

There are eight levels of interaction which range

from the relatively uninvolved civility of
pakikitungo to the total sense of identification in
pakikiisa. These eight levels of interaction can
be divided into two categories: the ibang-tao
(outsider) and the hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).
 Santiago-Enriquez Research
Model
Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

 Levels of Relationship
Ibang-tao category (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (interaction)
pakikilahok (participation, joining)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting, being along
with)
 Santiago-Enriquez Research
Model
Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

 Levels of Relationship
Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)
pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
pakikisangkot (active involvement)
pakikiisa (full trust)
 Filipino indigenous research
methods
Collective indigenous method
 partakes of the characteristics o:f
a community dialogue focused
group discussion natural cluster
interview group attestation
 puts premium on:
cultural appropriateness
an ordinary get-
together
 Filipino indigenous research
methods
Approaches & Techniques

 Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)

 Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
 Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)
 Pakikialam (concerned interference)
 Pakikilahok (participation)
 Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
 Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
 Pakapa-kapatechniques
an approach characterized by groping,
searching, probing into an unsystematized mass
of social and cultural data to be able to obtain
order, meaning, and directions for research.
Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at
gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press

Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at

gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
Pakapa-kapa techniques
 implies an exploration into cultural, social or
psychological data without the chains of
overriding theoretical framework borrowed from
observations outside the focus of investigation.
 can be related to unobtrusive techniques because
the actual procedures for collecting information
may range from observation, documentation,
intervention, participation.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Panunuluyan approach

 interaction techniques, levels of relationship

mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang
pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
Erlinda Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at
gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). UP Press: QC.

Josefina B. San Juan & Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:

Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon & Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.)
(1985) National Bookstore Inc.: Manila.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Panunuluyan approach

 Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal

at teknolohikal.

 Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang pan

piulnan
ng pakikipanuluyan.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Panunuluyan approach

 Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan:
pagdalaw, paninirahan, pananahanan,
pakikisuno.

 Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.

 Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan

at batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Panunuluyan approach

 Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata

at pandinig upang maintindihan o mabasa ang
ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na ipinahahayag sa
pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang
salita (talas ng pakiramdam).
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Panunuluyan approach

 Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality

disposition, as a situational behavior, as a
coping mechanism; closely related to many
general psychological concepts such as
empathy and sensitivity.
Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985). National
Bookstore Inc.: Manila
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Panunuluyan approach

 Paninimbang: at isipan (sentido

komon) ang pinaiiral
damdamin at anuman ang
dito
namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay
aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang
kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot ng
katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Panunuluyan approach

 Pamamaraan
panimulang pagsasanay
paglalakbay at pakikisuno
paghimpil sa pook
pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan
paghanap ng tulay
pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Panunuluyan approach
 Pagsasakatuparan
pagbati at pagpapakilala
pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan
pakikipagpalagayan
pagtulong-tulong
pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo
paggawa ng pananaliksik
pamamaalam at pasasalamat
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Panunuluyan approach
 Suliraning etikal
pagsasabi ng layunin ng
pananaliksik pagkasangkapan sa
pagkakaibigan
pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
paghingi ng pahintulot
pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo
pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Pagtatanong-tanong Method

 Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking

questions,” the repetition of ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-
tanong’ indicates seriousness of purpose, one is
truly determined to get answers to ones
questions.
 Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural Relations,
Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon Press: USA
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Pagtatanong-tanong Method

Major Characteristics

– Participatory in nature
– Equality of status
– Appropriate and adaptive
– Integrated with other indigenous methods
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Pagtatanong-tanong Method

 Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of

everyday casual interaction, researcher must
plan very well for certain conditions, consider
convenience and comfort of informants, their
language, norms, values, and background
(history, within/between group
activities, policies). differences,
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Procedure of pagtatanong-tanong

Get to know the people, place, lifestyle

Greet informants, give credentials (name the
go- between)
Go tell them the purpose of the study
Give an estimateof the expected length of
the session
Guide questions are used when necessary
Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The level of the relationship that exists between

the researcher and the informant significantly
influences the quality of data obtained
(Santiago-Enriquez Model).

The language of the respondent is used in the

conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for another’

(cultural sensitivity), through this the researcher
knows when to ask or avoid questions, interprets
a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.

The equality of status is maintained, as it is a

dialogue (informant is a kausap or person
spoken with) not an interview.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The issue of reliability: consistency of response

can be checked by repeating the question in a
different way.

The problem of investigator bias and data

contamination can be solved by having more
than one person do the pagtatanong-tanong.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

Repeated sampling from as many informants as

possible can produce commonalities of lexical
domain which can then constitute a ‘construct.’

Familiarity with the language, values, cultural

norms, will optimize accuracy and relevance of
interpretations.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of

information, ideas, insights, and opinions also it
is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and
experiences.

Roberto E. Javier Jr. (2004). Methodological Properties

of Pakikipagkwentuhan. DLSU-URCO Research Project Report.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Oral (pasalita)
Written (pasulat)

Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time

Request (paki – paghingi ng

pahintulot)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as well

as a social process of exchanging information,
thoughts, and knowledge that is part of human
daily activities.

Grace O. Oteza (1997). Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan ng sama-

samang pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
PPRTH Occasional Papers Series 1997, No. 1.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan

 initially make visits (padalaw-daalw)

before living-in the community (panunuluyan)
 introduce yourself to the community
 invite yourself to community gatherings
 initiate a conversation when in a
natural cluster
 invest time in story sharing sessions
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
 Principles of techniques
pakikipagkwentuhan

may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan

may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento
may pakinabang sa kwentuhan
libangan
linangan ng kaalaman
lunas sa
karamdaman
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
• Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

• collective orientation (pananaliksik na

sama-sama)
• contains the process of validation
(pagpapatotoo)
• construction of social reality (pagbubuo) cluster as
unit of analysis
• (pagsali sa likas na umpukan)
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
techniques
 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

with a topic to talk about but without a theme

(may pakay pero walang paksa)

worth or value of story produced from the

kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
 Principles of techniques
pakikipagkwentuhan

Validity: trustworthiness not truth

(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan)

Reliability: certification not consistency

(process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino research
approaches and
 Ginabayang techniques
Talakayan Method

collective discussion technique

‘sama-sama’ orientation

Roberto Galvez