CEMENT
C
E
• It is a binding material
commonly used in
construction. Cement is
M obtained by burning a mixture
of calcareous (calcium) and
E clay (clay) material at a very
high temperature and then
N grinding the clinker produced
to a fine powder.
T
• Been around at least 2000
yrs. Traced back to the
Egyptians, Greeks & Romans.
• Development of cement
industry – England,1824.
• Joseph Aspdin produced
cement from heated mixture
CEMENT
of limestone + clay.
TYPES 1. Hydraulic Cement
2. Non-hydraulic Cement
OF
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
Hydraulic cement is those
1. Hydraulic which harden by hydration
Cement in the presence of water.
2. Non-hydraulic Cement
TYPES OF CEMENT
1. Hydraulic
Cement
2. Non-hydraulic Cement
TYPES OF CEMENT
The non-hydraulic cement
doesn't require water to
2. Non- get harden. Lime, gypsum
plasters, and oxychloride
hydraulic are the required raw
Cement material to produce non-
hydraulic cement.
1. Hydraulic Cement
TYPES OF CEMENT
GYPSUM
2. Non-
hydraulic
Cement LIME
1. Hydraulic Cement OTHER TYPES OF CEMENT
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
OTHER 4. Quick Setting Cement
5. Low Heat Cement
TYPES 6. Sulphate Resisting Cement
7. Blast Furnace Cement
OF 8. High Alumina Cement
9. White Cement
CEMENT 10. Colored Cement
11. Air Entraining Cement
12. Expansive Cement
COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
13. Hydrophobic Cement
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Quick Setting Cement
1. Ordinary Portland Cement
5. Low Heat Cement (OPC)
6. Sulphate Resisting Cement
7. Blast Furnace Cement
A mixture of limestone and
8. High Alumina Cement
other raw materials and
then grinded to make OPC
9. White Cement
10. Colored Cement
11. Air Entraining Cement
12. Expansive Cement
13. Hydrophobic Cement
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Quick Setting Cement
5. Low Heat Cement 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement
6. Sulphate Resisting Cement
(PPC)
7. Blast Furnace Cement
8. High Alumina Cement Pozzolans are natural or
9. White Cement synthetic materials that
10. Colored Cement
contain silica in reactive
11. Air Entraining Cement
forms.
12. Expansive Cement
13. Hydrophobic Cement
4. Quick Setting Cement
5. Low Heat Cement
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
6. Sulphate Resisting Cement
7. Blast Furnace Cement
8. High Alumina Cement This is a type of OPC but it
9. White Cement gains strength more quickly
10. Colored Cement than OPC.
11. Air Entraining Cement
12. Expansive Cement
13. Hydrophobic Cement
5. Low Heat Cement
6. Sulphate Resisting Cement 4. Quick Setting Cement
7. Blast Furnace Cement
8. High Alumina Cement Quick setting cement is the
9. White Cement
cement which sets in a very
10. Colored Cement
short time.
11. Air Entraining Cement
12. Expansive Cement
13. Hydrophobic Cement
6. Sulphate Resisting Cement
7. Blast Furnace Cement
5. Low Heat Cement
8. High Alumina Cement
9. White Cement
It is a spatial type of cement
10. Colored Cement which produces low heat of
11. Air Entraining Cement hydration during the
12. Expansive Cement setting.
13. Hydrophobic Cement
7. Blast Furnace Cement
6. Sulphate Resisting Cement
8. High Alumina Cement
9. White Cement
Sulfate resisting cement is
used to resist sulfate attacks
10. Colored Cement
11. Air Entraining Cement
in concrete.
12. Expansive Cement
13. Hydrophobic Cement
8. High Alumina Cement 7. Blast Furnace Cement
9. White Cement
10. Colored Cement
Portland cement clinker and
11. Air Entraining Cement granulated blast furnace
12. Expansive Cement slag are intergraded to make
13. Hydrophobic Cement blast furnace cement.
8. High Alumina Cement
9. White Cement
High Alumina cement is
10. Colored Cement
obtained by mixing
11. Air Entraining Cement
calcining bauxite (it’s an
12. Expansive Cement
aluminum ore) and ordinary
13. Hydrophobic Cement
lime with clinker during the
manufacture of OPC.
9. White Cement
10. Colored Cement
11. Air Entraining Cement
White cement is quite
12. Expansive Cement
similar to Ordinary Portland
13. Hydrophobic Cement
Cement except for color.
10. Colored Cement
11. Air Entraining Cement
12. Expansive Cement To make 5 to 10 percent of
13. Hydrophobic Cement suitable pigments are
ground with OPC.
11. Air Entraining Cement
12. Expansive Cement
Air-entraining cement is a
13. Hydrophobic Cement
special type of cement
which entrains tinny air
bubbles in concrete.
12. Expansive Cement
13. Hydrophobic Cement
In the hydration process, the
expansive cement expands
its volume. It can be
possible to overcome
shrinkage loss by using
expansive cement.
12. Expansive Cement
13. Hydrophobic Cement
There are three types of
expansive cement:
1.K Type expansive cement
2.M Type expansive cement
3.S Type expansive cement
13. Hydrophobic Cement
To resist the hydration
process in the
transportation or storage
stage, clinkers are ground
with water repellent film
substance such as Oleic Acid
or Stearic Acid
COMPOSITION
OF CEMENT
COMPOSITION
OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY
PROPERTIES
OF CEMENT CHEMICAL
PROPERTY
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
Fineness of cement
Soundness
Consistency
PROPERTIES Strength
OF CEMENT Setting time
Heat of hydration
Loss of ignition
Bulk density
Specific gravity
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY Fineness of cement
Soundness The size of the particles of the cement
Consistency is its fineness. The required fineness of
Strength good cement is achieved through
Setting time grinding the clinker in the last step of
Heat of hydration cement production process. As
Loss of ignition hydration rate of cement is directly
Bulk density related to the cement particle size,
Specific gravity fineness of cement is very important.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY Soundness
Soundness refers to the ability of cement
Consistency to not shrink upon hardening. Good
Strength quality cement retains its volume after
Setting time setting without delayed expansion
Heat of hydration Unsoundness of cement is due to the
Loss of ignition presence of an excessive amount of
Bulk density
hard-burned free lime or magnesia
Specific gravity
By soundness of cement, this understood
that its capacity to form a non-
disintegrating hard uniformly strong
mass on the setting
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY
Consistency
Strength
The standard consistency of cement
Setting time
paste is defined as the percentage of
Heat of hydration
water added To the 300gm weight of
Loss of ignition cement. which will permit a Vicat
Bulk density
plunger having a 50 mm length and
Specific gravity
10 mm diameter to penetrate in
cement paste to a depth of 33-35
mm from the top of the mold.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL Strength
PROPERTY
Three types of strength of cement are measured –
compressive, tensile and flexural. Various factors affect
the strength, such as water-cement ratio, cement-fine
aggregate ratio, curing conditions, size and shape of a
Setting time
specimen, the manner of molding and mixing, loading
Heat of hydration conditions and age. While testing the strength, the
Loss of ignition following should be considered:
1. Cement mortar strength and cement concrete strength
Bulk density
are not directly related. Cement strength is merely a
Specific gravity
quality control measure.
2. The tests of strength are performed on cement mortar
mix, not on cement paste.
3. Cement gains strength over time, so the specific time of
performing the test should be mentioned.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY Strength
Compressive Strength
It is the most common strength test. A test
specimen (50mm) is taken and subjected to a
Setting time
compressive load until failure. The loading
Heat of hydration sequence must be within 20 seconds and 80
Loss of ignition seconds.
Bulk density
Flexural strength
Specific gravity
This is actually a measure of tensile strength in
bending. The test is performed in a 40 x40 x
160 mm cement mortar beam, which is loaded
at its center point until failure.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY
Setting time
Cement sets and hardens when water is added. This setting
Heat of hydration
time can vary depending on multiple factors, such as fineness
of cement, cement-water ratio, chemical content, and
Loss of ignition
admixtures. Cement used in construction should have an initial
setting time that is not too low and a final setting time not too
Bulk density
high. Hence, two setting times are measured:
Specific gravity Initial set: When the paste begins to stiffen noticeably
(typically occurs within 30-45 minutes)
Final set: When the cement hardens, being able to sustain
some load (occurs below 10 hours)
Again, setting time can also be an indicator of hydration rate.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY
Heat of hydration
When water is added to cement, the reaction that
Loss of ignition takes place is called hydration. Hydration generates
heat, which can affect the quality of the cement and
Bulk density also be beneficial in maintaining curing temperature
during cold weather. On the other hand, when heat
Specific gravity
generation is high, especially in large structures, it may
cause undesired stress. The heat of hydration is
affected most by C3S (tricalcium silicate) and C3A
(tricalcium aluminate) present in cement, and also by
water-cement ratio, fineness and curing temperature.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY
Loss of ignition
Heating a cement sample at 900 - 1000°C (that
is, until a constant weight is obtained) causes
Bulk density weight loss. This loss of weight upon heating is
Specific gravity calculated as loss of ignition. Improper and
prolonged storage or adulteration during
transport or transfer may lead to pre-hydration
and carbonation, both of which might be
indicated by increased loss of ignition.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY
Bulk density
When cement is mixed with water, the water
replaces areas where there would normally be
Specific gravity air.
Cement has a varying range of density
depending on the cement composition
percentage. The density of cement may be
anywhere from 62 to 78 pounds per cubic foot.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
PHYSICAL
PROPERTY
Specific gravity
Specific gravity is generally used in mixture
proportioning calculations. Portland cement
has a specific gravity of 3.15, but other types
of cement (for example, portland-blast-
furnace-slag and portland-pozzolan cement)
may have specific gravities of about 2.90.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Iron oxide/ Ferric Oxide
PROPERTIES Magnesia Ferrite
Sulphur trioxide Alkalis
OF CEMENT Tricalcium aluminate Free lime
Tricalcium silicate Silica fumes
Dicalcium silicate Alumina
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide
Magnesia
Sulphur trioxide
Tricalcium aluminate
Tricalcium silicate
Dicalcium silicate
Ferrite
Alkalis
Free lime
Silica fumes
Alumina
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Tricalcium aluminate
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide
Magnesia
Sulphur trioxide Low content of C3A makes the cement
Tricalcium silicate sulfate-resistant. Gypsum reduces the
hydration of C3A, which liberates a lot of
Dicalcium silicate
heat in the early stages of hydration. C3A
Ferrite does not provide any more than a little
Alkalis amount of strength.
Free lime
Silica fumes
Alumina
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Tricalcium silicate
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide
Magnesia
C3S causes rapid hydration as well
Sulphur trioxide as hardening and is responsible for
Dicalcium silicate the cement’s early strength gain an
Ferrite initial setting.
Alkalis
Free lime
Silica fumes
Alumina
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Dicalcium silicate
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide
Magnesia
Sulphur trioxide As opposed to tricalcium silicate, which helps
Ferrite
early strength gain, dicalcium silicate in
Alkalis
cement helps the strength gain after one week.
Free lime
Silica fumes
Alumina
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Ferrite
Ferrite is a fluxing agent. It
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide reduces the melting
Magnesia
temperature of the raw
Sulphur trioxide
materials in the kiln from
Alkalis
3,000°F to 2,600°F. Though it
Free lime hydrates rapidly, it does not
Silica fumes contribute much to the strength
Alumina of the cement.
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Magnesia
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide
Sulphur trioxide The manufacturing process of Portland
Alkalis cement uses magnesia as a raw material in
dry process plants. An excess amount of
Free lime
magnesia may make the cement unsound
Silica fumes
and expansive, but a little amount of it can
Alumina add strength to the cement. Production of
MgO-based cement also causes less CO2
emission. All cement is limited to a
content of 6% MgO.
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Sulphur trioxide
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide Sulfur trioxide in excess amount can
Alkalis
make cement unsound.
Free lime
Silica fumes
Alumina
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide
Alkalis Aside from adding strength and
hardness, iron oxide or ferric oxide
Free lime
is mainly responsible for the color
Silica fumes
of the cement.
Alumina
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Alkalis
The amounts of potassium oxide (K2O) and
Free lime sodium oxide (Na2O) determine the alkali
Silica fumes content of the cement. Cement containing
Alumina large amounts of alkali can cause some
difficulty in regulating the setting time of
cement. Low alkali cement, when used with
calcium chloride in concrete, can cause
discoloration. In slag-lime cement, ground
granulated blast furnace slag is not
hydraulic on its own but is "activated" by
addition of alkalis.
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Free lime
Free lime, which is sometimes
Silica fumes present in cement, may cause
Alumina expansion.
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Silica fumes
Silica fume is added to cement concrete in order
to improve a variety of properties, especially
Alumina
compressive strength, abrasion resistance and
bond strength. Though setting time is prolonged
by the addition of silica fume, it can grant
exceptionally high strength.
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Alumina
Cement containing high alumina has the ability to
withstand frigid temperatures since alumina is
chemical-resistant. It also quickens the setting
but weakens the cement.
CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Step 1: Raw Material
Extraction/Quarry
CEMENT Step 2: Grinding, Proportioning
MANUFACTURING and Blending
PROCESS Step 3: Pre-Heating Raw Material
Step 4: Kiln Phase
Step 5: Cooling and Final Grinding
Step 6: Packing and Shipping
TYPES OF PROCESSES
The wet process
TYPES OF The semi-dry process
PROCESSES The dry process
USES OF CEMENT
1. It is used in mortar
2. It is used for making joints
3. It is used for the water-tightness
of the structure.
4. It is used in concrete
USES OF 5. It is used where a hard surface is
CEMENT required for the protection of
exposed surfaces of structures
against the destructive agents of the
weather and certain organic or
inorganic chemicals.
6. It is used for precast pipes
manufacturing, piles, fencing posts,
etc.
7. It is used in the construction of
important engineering structures
USES OF 8. It is used in the preparation of
CEMENT foundations, watertight floors,
footpaths, etc.
9. It is employed for the
construction of wells, water tanks,
tennis courts, lamp posts,
telephone cabins, roads, etc.
PROPERTIES OF A GOOD CEMENT
Provides strength to masonry.
Stiffens or hardens early.
PROPERTIES Possesses good plasticity.
OF A GOOD An excellent building material.
CEMENT Easily workable.
FIELD TEST
Date of Manufacturing
Cement Color
Whether Hard Lumps are Formed
Temperature Inside Cement Bag
FIELD TEST Smoothness Test
Water Sinking Test
The smell of Cement Paste
Glass Plate Test
Block Test
LABORATORY TEST
Fineness Test
Normal consistency test
Initial and final setting time test
LABORATORY Soundness test
TEST
Compressive Strength Test
Chemical composition test
The heat of hydration test
THANK YOU!
Cement Sand Aggregate Ratio in
Concrete Mix
Nominal Mix
These are usually lower and normal grade concrete mixes
with fixed cement, sand, and aggregate ratios. For example, in
M20, the quantity of cement, sand, and aggregates are mixed
in fixed proportion (1:1.5:3). These mixed designs are
primarily used for small-scale constructions. These include
grades such as M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20, & M25.
Design Mix Concrete
These are unique concrete mixes designed for standard and
high strength purposes that enable the construction of high-
rise buildings, load-bearing structures, bending moment of
columns, earthquake resistance, etc. In these, the mix ratios
are decided by civil engineers based on the usage and
application of concrete. Concrete grades higher than M25
belong to the Design Mix category.
THANK YOU!
Cement Sand Aggregate Ratio in
Concrete Mix
CEMENT:SAND: AGGREGATE: WATER
M7.5 1:4:8 (water per m3 36liter)
M10 1:3:6 (water per m3 34-36liter)
M15 1:2:4 (water per m3 29–32liter)
M 20 1:1.5:3 (water per m3 26–30liter)
M25 1:1:2 (water per m3 22–27liter)
THANK YOU!
THANK YOU!
MAGLUCOT, AUDEPHYL
YBIAS, RUFA MAY
