IPv6
(Internet Protocol version 6)
T E N D A I D O U G L A S TA C H I V O N A 2 0 0 3 8 5
TAWA N A M A X W E L L S I B A N D A 2 0 0 8 4 2
G AV I N N YA S H A M U D Y I WA 2 0 0 6 4 0
A S H L E I G H K U Z I WA I I M U K O S E R A 2 0 0 3 8 2
Outcomes
Upon the completion of this presentation, one will be able to
Know how and why IPv6 came to be.
Understand how it works.
Know the differences between IPv4 &IPv6 (IPv4 vs. IPv6).
Understand the definitions of key terms.
Introduction
IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via
the internet or local network.
In essence, IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be sent between devices on
a network: they contain location information and make devices accessible for communication.
IP address determines who and where you are in the network of billions of digital devices that
are connected to the Internet.
IPv6 was designed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in December 1998 with the purpose
of superseding the IPv4 due to the global exponentially growing internet users.
Internet Addressing
What caused the rise of IPv6?
Global Shortage of IP addresses
Continued rapid growth of the Internet,
IP addresses have greater demand
Despite NAT, IPv4 addresses expected to
run out in the next few years
Need a fair and equitable policy for allocation of
the remaining IPv4 address space
IPv4 Shortage
Actual allocation history
◦ 1981 – IPv4 protocol published
◦ 1985 ~ 1/16 total space
◦ 1990 ~ 1/8 total space
◦ 1995 ~ 1/4 total space
◦ 2000 ~ 1/2 total space
◦ 2008 ~ Finito
What about technologies & efforts to slow the consumption
rate?
Dial-access / PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) / DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
◦ Provides temporary allocation aligned with actual endpoint use.
Strict allocation policies
◦ Reduced allocation rates by policy of ‘current-need’ vs. previous policy based on ‘projected-maximum-size’.
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
◦ Aligns routing table size with needs-based address allocation policy. Additional enforced aggregation actually
lowered routing table growth rate to linear for a few years.
NAT (Network address translation)
◦ Hides many nodes behind limited set of public addresses.
◦ * (Nodes are the endpoints, communication, or redistribution points over a network that can receive,
create, store, and send data along distributed routes.) *
Why is a larger address space needed?
Overall Internet is still growing its user base
◦ ~5.03 billion users in 2022 : ~(550 million users in 2005)
Users expanding their connected device count
◦ 7.26 Billion mobile phones (smart phones) in 2022,(over 1 billion by 2005)
◦ 78 million use GPS
◦ 15% likely to use GPS and locality (based Yellow Page services)
◦ Billions of new Internet appliances for Home users
◦ Always-On ; Consumer simplicity required
Why Was 128 Bits Chosen
as the IPv6 Address Size?
……
With the current world population being around 8.5 billion, each person or individual will have
4.0*10^28 IPv6 addresses.
Text Representation of Addresses
An IPv6 address consists of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits.
3001:0da8:75a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
A site prefix is used to derive IPv6 addresses for all the nodes in your IPv6 implementation
Subnet masks and prefixes are used when a host is attempting to communicate with another
system.
Text Representation of Addresses (Examples)
“Preferred” form: 1080:0:FF:0:8:800:200C:417A
Compressed form:FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:43
becomes FF01::43
Types of IPv6 Addresses
Unicast
◦ Address of a single interface
◦ Delivery to single interface
Multicast
◦ Address of a set of interfaces
◦ Delivery to all interfaces in the set
Any cast
◦ Address of a set of interfaces
◦ Delivery to a single interface in the set
No more broadcast addresses
IPv4 vs. IPv6
An IPv4 address consists of four numbers, each of which contains one to three digits, with a
single dot (.) separating each number or set of digits. Each of the four numbers can range from 0
to 255. This group of separated numbers creates the addresses that let you and everyone
around the globe to send and retrieve data over our Internet connections.
The IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing to store 2^32 addresses which is more than 4
billion addresses.
IPv6 vs. IPv4 Continued….
Benefits/Advantages of IPv6
Room for many levels of structured hierarchy and routing aggregation
Easy address auto-configuration
Easier address management and delegation than IPv4
Ability to deploy end-to-end IPsec
(NATs removed as unnecessary)
Reliability
Faster Speeds: IPv6 supports multicast rather than broadcast in IPv4.This feature allows bandwidth-
intensive packet flows (like multimedia streams) to be sent to multiple destinations all at once.
Routing efficiency
Most importantly it’s the final solution for growing nodes in Global-network.
IPv6 Advanced Features
Source address selection
Mobility - More efficient and robust mechanisms
Security - Built-in, strong IP-layer encryption and authentication
Quality of Service
Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Auto configuration (RFC 3041)
Disadvantages of IPv6
Conversion: Due to widespread present usage of IPv4 it will take a long period to completely
shift to IPv6.
Communication: IPv4 and IPv6 machines cannot communicate directly with each other. They
need an intermediate technology to make that possible.
Creating a smooth transition from IPV4 to IPV6
IPV6 is not available to machines that run IPV4
IPV4 is still widely used & the world is slow to convert to IPV6
Switching from IPV4 to IPV6 is a slow and laborious process.
Understanding IPV6 submitting can be difficult on its own, let alone trying to
remember/memorize your IPV6 address
For More Information
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ipngwg-charter.html
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ngtrans-charter.html
http://playground.sun.com/ipv6/
http://www.6bone.net/ngtrans/
http://www.6bone.net
http://www.ipv6forum.com
http://www.ipv6.org
http://www.cisco.com/ipv6/
http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/library/howitworks/communications/networkbasics/
IPv6.asp
