Oppression of the local

population by Quing rulers

In 50s of 18th c. Quing empire destroyed
Dzungar Khanate and directed their actions to
Eastern Tenir Too (Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Uigurs,
Tajiks, Uzbeks). In 18th -19th c. all nations
living in Eastern Tenir Too were united to fight
against Quing-Manchu invasions. Quing
empire wanted to get the territories of Kyrgyz
taken by Dzhungars and were giving high
positions to rich Kyrgyz. But nomad Kyrgyz
loving freedom, didn’t become their tributary.
Emperor Hun Li was trying to put their guard
at At-Basy, Naryn, Talas, Issyk Kul, but this
idea was not realized. Quing rulers could only
send some expeditions to threaten Kyrgyz.
But Kyrgyz were always strongly resisting.
Intolerable life conditions, constant invasions
pushed Eastern Tenir Too people to national
liberation struggle.
 Ziya ad-Din’s rebellion
In 1814-1816 Zia ad-Din led a rebellion against
Quing Manchu dynasty. Together with Uigurs
Kyrgyz were also taking active part in this
rebellion. Turdumanbet was leading Kyrgyz.
Kyrgyz and Uigurs attacked several Chineses
guards and destroyed horse farms. All these made
Quing ruler angry. He gave an order to suppress
the rebellion and ruthlessly punish rebellion
leaders. Zia ad-Din’s son Ashryab bek continued
the rebellion but wasn’t also successful and was
severely killed.
Though, the rebellion was failed, it was a
powerful push for further development of
national liberty fight against foreign invaders.
H/w questions:
What was the situation of Tenir Tooo
people in 18th c.?
What was the aim of Quing-Manchu
invasion?
What do you know about Zia ad-Din?
Why did Kyrgyz join Zia ad-Din’s
rebellion?
 LIBERATION MOVEMENTS OF
DZAHANGIR-HODJA AND KYRGYZ.
Liberation movements of Dzahangir-hodja was the
highest peak of Eastern Tenir Too people fight
against Quing Manchu ruling in 19th c.
In 1820, Dzahangir-hodja came from Kokand to
Eastern Tenir Too and Naryn Kyrgyz and started
forming his army. Many Kyrgyz tribe leaders
supported him to fight against Quing Manchu ruling
in Kashgar.
In fall 1820, Dzahangir-hodja headed to Kashgar. At
the same time Suranchy biy with 300 djigits
attacked one troop of Quing Manchu in Kashgar.
But soon he and his djigits were captured and 20 of
them were put to death.
In 1821, Dzahangir-hodja made a second campaign
against Kashgar, but was not successful .
In 1824, Dzahangir-hodja attacked again Kashgar,
but a big army of Quing Manchu drove them out
Kashgar.
Starting from 1825, Ak-Talaa region (belonged to
Atantay and Taylak) became a big support to
Dzahangir-hodja’s troop. When Dzahangir-hodja
was at Taylak’s village, Kashgar ruler sent a troop to
conquer Ak-Talaa. But Dzahangir-hodja, Taylak and
Atantay left to a party to another place. Not finding
the leaders, Kashgar ruler became angry and killed
100 women and children.
When they found out about it, they ran after
Kashgar leader and fought with his army. Fully
beheaded Quing lost that fight.
On May 1826, Dzahangir-hodja’s troop headed
to Kashgar again. Taylak’s and Atantay’s
djigits conquered Chinese guards. Finally,
Dzahangir-hodja surrounded Kashgar and
received a title sultan.
The rebellion continued till 1828. Citizens of
Djarkent, Hotan, Djangri-Hisar cities attacking
Quing Manchu guards, were heading to
Kashgar.
But a big army(70,000 soldiers) of Quing
Manchu attacked Kashgar, Djarkent and Hotan.
Dzahangir-hodga had to escape.
New ruler of Kashgar, Isak-van to show his
devotion to Chinese rulers, entrapped
Dzahangir-hodja and extradited him to Chinese
rulers. After some years, he was executed in
Beijing as a serious rioter.
 Liberation movement of Kyrgyz continued in
other years as well:
1830 – rebellion of Djusup hodja;
1845 – Eastern Tenir Too Kyrgyz rebelled again
and conquered Quing guards;
1846 - conquered Quing guards next to
Kashgar;
1847 – Kadyr biy and Alym biy supported the
rebellion.
H/w questions:
Who was Dzahangir-hodja?
Who was Suranchy biy?
How were Atantay and Taylak supporting
Dzahagir-hodja?
Why was the rebellion lost?
KYRGYZ PEOPLE FIGHT
AGAINST KOKAND
KHANATE
Kyrgyz people were paying about 20 different
taxes to Kokand Khanate. Also, food,
transport was given to Kokand soldiers
(sarbaz) at fortresses. In the south the best
land of Kyrgyz was given to Kokands and
Kyrgyz had to move to stony land. Kyrgyz
had to send also strong man to military.
Beautiful Kyrgyz girls were taken by force.
These hard conditions made Kyrgyz people
strike against Kokand Khanate.
 Atantay and Taylak’s strike against Kokand
After Dzahangir-hodga’s rebellions they
became more trained and prepared, so they
started rebelling against Kokand Khanate. In
1831, Kokands attack Ak-Talaa villiage and
Atantay with Taylak captured. But they could
escape and start a fight. In 1832, They attack
Kurtka fortress and release prisoners, return
cattle.
Madali Khan sends Arap with 500 soldiers to
supress Ak-Talaa rebellion. Taylak with his
army fully destroyed Arap’s soldiers and
killed Arap. Taylak requested from Kokand
Khan to return Kyrgyz girls and cattle. In
1838 at the age of 42 Taylak was poisoned by
Kokand spy.
After this loss, Kyrgyz had to obey Kokand
again.
In 1830’s Kyrgyz close to Bishkek fortress
started rebelling. Kokands could hardly
suppress it.
In 1842, Kyrgyz at Issyk Kul, Karakol,
Barskoon could drive out Kokands.
In 1845, Alay and Osh Kyrgyz rebelled against
Kokands, but were severely suppressed by
Musulmankul.
In 1850’s At Bashy Kyrgyz under Turduke’s
leading refused to pay taxes and started
rebelling.
H/w questions:
Why was the situaition of Kyrgyz people
getting worse in 1820th-30th ?
Why did Atantay and Tylak start the
rebellion again Kokand?
What can you tell about the other
rebellions in 1840th-50th ? Why did they
happen?
NORTH KYRGYZSTAN
TRIBES CLASHES.
BORONBAY. ORMON
KHAN.
 Reasons of tribes’ clashes
In 19th c. there were a lot clashes between
Kyrgyz tribes. They were steeling each others’
cattle, capturing. Later they were arguing
about pastures, trying to dominate over others.
 Ormon Niyazbek uulu (1791-1854) –
sarybagysh tribe leader was trying to
dominate over all north Kyrgyz tribes and to
establish Kyrgyz khanate. But some other
tribes wanted to stay independent.
Moreover, China, Kokand and Russia were
interested in intertribal conflicts of Kyrgyz,
since it would be easier to conquer them.
 Sarybagysh – sayak conflict
In 1930’s sarybagysh and sayak tribes were
conflicting because of leaders personal offence,
insult each other. Sarybagysh leader Niyazbek
failed in a battle with sayak tribe (leader -
Kachyke). Niyazbek’s son Ormon was taken
prisoner during 8 months and finally could
escape.
The main reason of the conflict was that
sarybagysh leader wanted to conquer Kochkor,
Jumgal valleys (belonged to sayak ) and dominate
over sayak tribes in the north of Issyk-Kul.
 Bugu – sayak conflict
Also, in 1930’s sayak and bugu tribes were
conflicting. In one of the conflicts bugu hero –
Nogoy killed the son of sayak leader Medet.
Sayak leader could use the help of Kokand
troop and throw away bugu tribe from their
territory. Balbay hero (from bugu tribe) wanted
attack back to broaden bugu territory. But in a
battle he was captured for a long time. Later
his relatives released him and Balbay was
again attacking sayak to take a revenge.
 Ormon became khan
In 19th c. Ormon Niyazbek’ son took the
position of his father and became khan. He
could stop the fight between sayak and bugu
tribes, and became influential in Naryn,
Jumgal, Toguz-Toro, At-Bashy, Ak-Talaa. In
1842, he organized a meeting of bugu, sayak,
sarybagysh, solto, saruu, kushchu, cherik,
azyk and other tribes in Balykchy and was
proclaimed khan.
He made a discipline very strict and charged
taxes from coming traders. He did not take
Kokand khanate seriously and started an
independent ruling over north kyrgyz tribes.
Kyrgyz people’s independence was not useful
for Kokand khanate and Russia.
In 1850’s sarybagysh had a conflict with bugu
tribe. In 1855 Ormon khan died in that fight.
Sarybagysh were attacking bugu again and
again, so bugu tribe’s leader Borombay had to
ask for support from Russia.
 H/w questions:
• What were the reasons of intertribal
conflicts?
• What was the influence of sarybagysh-sayak
conflict to kyrgyz development, friendship?
• What do you know about bugu-sayak
conflict?
• How did Ormon become khan?
• What was the aim of Ormon khan’s trying to
be independent?
FIGHT AGAINST
KENESARY KASYMOV’S
(KHAN KENE)ATTACKS
19th c. 40s – Russia, planning to conquer the
whole Kazakhstan, had bad relations with
Kazakh feudal (rich) people. Also, Kyrgyz and
Kazakh feudal were conflicting because of
pastures.
1841on a meeting of Kazakh sultans, the rich
Kenesary became khan. He started fighting
against Russian Tsar’s troops.
1845 Russian invasion from Ural, Orenburg
became stronger. So, he left Central
Kazakhstan and moved to Jety-Suu. He
planned to conquer Kyrgyz.
1845 Kenesary sent representatives to Kyrgyz
(Ormon, Jantay, Jangarach) and asked to obey
and pay taxes.
1846 Kenesary attacked Kyrgyz. Most of
Kazakh sultans refused to fight and joined
Russia.
1846 Kenesary attacked solto tribe.
1847 he attacked again Kyrgyz. Ormon khan
led Kyrgyz and organized a sly strategy.
During this last fight at Tokmok Kenesary was
captured Kyrgyz.
 Why was Kenesary attacking Kyrgyz
people?
What do you know about Ormon khan’s
strategy? (you can search more info)
Why was Kenesary defeated?