Educationa
l
Technolog
y
Unit
ETUlay Online Tutorial
Physical Science
Biological Macromolecules
Think about your favorite food
Recall
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
- Large, organic molecules such
as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
- Have a huge variety of
functions, such as storing
energy, protection, etc.
1. CARBOHYDRATES
- Contain the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) in
the ratio of 1:2:1
- Are the primary energy
source of the human body
- Foods rich in carbohydrates
are rice, cereal, potatoes, fruits
and pasta.
MONOSACCHARIDES
- Most basic form of
carbohydrates
- Used to produce
and store energy the
human body
MONOSACCHARIDES
A. FRUCTOSE
- Found in fruits and
honey
MONOSACCHARIDES
B. GLUCOSE
- Found in all major
carbohydrates like
starch, table sugar, etc.
MONOSACCHARIDES
C. GALACTOSE
- Found in milk
and milk products
DISACCHARIDES
- Also called double
sugar
- Formed by two
monosaccharides or
simple sugars
DISACCHARIDES
A. MALTOSE
- Glucose +
glucose
- Found in malt
DISACCHARIDES
B. SUCROSE
- Glucose + fructose
- Found in regular
table sugar, sugar
cane and sugar beet
DISACCHARIDES
C. LACTOSE
- Glucose + galactose
- Found in milk and
milk products
POLYSACCHARIDES
- A large molecule made of many smaller
monosaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDES
A.STARCH/
AMYLOSE
- Storage form of
glucose in
plants
POLYSACCHARIDES
B. AMYLOPECTIN
- Storage form of
glucose in
plants
POLYSACCHARIDES
C. GLYCOGEN
- Storage form of
glucose in plants
- Stored in the
liver and muscles
Summary
Summary
Summary
2. FATS/LIPIDS
- Polymers of fatty acids that
contain a long, non – polar
hydrocarbon chain with a
small polar region containing
oxygen
- Insoluble in water but
soluble in organic solvents
2. FATS/LIPIDS
- Long term storage of
energy in the body
- Serve as material for cell
membrane
- Insulate body to maintain
temperature
- Aid in digestion signal
molecules
2. FATS/LIPIDS
A. TRIGLYCERIDES
- Made up of four
simpler molecules, a
glycerol backbone,
and 3 fatty acid
2. FATS/LIPIDS
B. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- Have a glycerol
backbone and two fatty
acid chains instead of a
third acid, they have a
phosphate group with
an “R”
2. FATS/LIPIDS
B. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- Fatty acids are
hydrophobic tails
- Phosphate head is
hydrophilic
2. FATS/LIPIDS
C. STEROID
- Provides a key component
of all cell membranes
- Serves as vitamins and as
hormones in the body
2. FATS/LIPIDS
D. WAXES
- Serve as construction
material for bees
- Act as sealant to keep
moisture inside the plant
leaves and fruits.
3. PROTEINS
- Composed of four
elements, namely: carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen (chon)
- Made up of amino acids
3. PROTEINS
A. KERATIN
- A structural
protein found in
hair, skin, and nails
3. PROTEINS
B. FIBROIN/SILK PROTEIN
- An insoluble
protein present in
silk produced by
numerous insects
3. PROTEINS
C. COLLAGEN
- A major insoluble fibrous
protein found in
connective tissues such as
tendons, ligaments, skin,
cartilage and cornea of
the eye
3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES
- A major insoluble catalyze
chemical reactions
- Speed up a reaction; lower the
needed energy for a reaction to
take place
- Bind substances to their specific
partners
3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES
LIPASE – helps in
the digestion of fats
3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES
PEPSIN – breaks
down proteins into
peptides (smaller
units)
3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES
SUCRASE – also
called invertase; helps
in the digestion of
sugars and starches
3. PROTEINS
D. ENZYMES
MYOGLOBIN – stores
oxygen in muscles; it
contains heme group
which has iron where
oxygen is stored
4. NUCLEIC ACID
- A polymer of long chains of
nucleotides that contain the
following:
a. Nitrogenous base
b. Five – carbon
carbohydrate
c. Phosphate group
4. NUCLEIC ACID
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC
ACID (DNA) – carries the
genetic code of organisms;
also called the “blueprint of
life”
4. NUCLEIC ACID
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
– carries the information from
the DNA to the cellular
factories for the synthesis of
proteins
