UNIT 3: Machines (DC and AC)

DC Machines : Motors and Generators

AC Machines : Transformers
Lecture all
Prepared By: Haziqul Yaquin
Sub : ECE249

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Fleming’s left and right hand rules

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Fleming’s left and right hand rules

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Fleming’s left and right hand rules

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 Mutual inductance and coupling
An inductor is a two-terminal electronic component that stores energy in the
magnetic field when electric current flows through it.
The Coefficient of coupling can be defined as the fraction of the magnetic flux
produced by the current in one coil that links with the other coil.
It is represented by the symbol (k) and the amount of coupling between two
inductively coupled coils is expressed in terms of the coefficient of coupling. It is
be given as-

K = M/sqrt(L1.L2)
Where,

M = mutual inductance between two coils

L1= self-induction of the first coil

L2= self-induction of the second coil 7

There are two magnetically coupled coils having turn N1 and  N2 respectively

The current  I1 that is flowing in the first coil produces a magnetic flux of  Φ1 ,having a turn N1, then their self-
induction will be given as-
L1=N1ϕ1/I1

The current I2 that is flowing in the second coil will produce a magnetic flux of ϕ2, having several turns N2, then
their self-induction will be given as –
L2=ϕ2N2/I2

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Suppose the coefficient of coupling between two coils is k then Kϕ1 represents the magnetic flux linked with the second
coil then the mutual inductance in the first coil due to the second coil is given by-
M12=kϕ1N2/I1

Since the coefficient of coupling between two coils is k then Kϕ2 represents the magnetic flux linked with the first
coil then the mutual inductance in the second coil due to the first coil is given by-
M21=kϕ2N1/I2

On multiplying the above two equations, we get

M12×M21= (kϕ1N2/I1)×(kϕ2N1/I2)

As we know that the mutual inductance between two coils will be equal. So,
M12 = M21
So,
M^2 = k^2(ϕ1N1/I1) x (ϕ2N2/I2)
Using L1 and L2 here we get,

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• Coefficient of coupling always comes out to be less than one
and its maximum value is one only. If the coefficient of
coupling has value one, then it is called as the perfect
coupling that is when the entire flux of one coil links the
other. If the coefficient of coupling between two inductors is
greater than their mutual inductance will also be greater.

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 SOME MACHINE TERMINOLOGY
Electric machines can be classified in terms of their energy conversion
characteristics.
Generators convert mechanical energy from a prime mover (e.g., an
internal combustion engine) to electrical form.
Examples of generators are those used in power-generating plants, or automotive
alternator.
Motors convert electrical energy to mechanical form.
Electric motors provide forces and torques to generate motion in countless industrial
applications.
For Example Machine tools, robots, punches, presses, mills, and propulsion systems for
electric vehicles are but a few examples of the application of electric machines in
engineering.
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 SOME WINDINGS TERMINOLOGY
Distinction can be made between different types of windings characterized by the nature
of the current they carry.

 If the current serves the purpose of providing a magnetic field and is independent
of the load, (it is called a magnetizing, or excitation, current) the winding is
termed a field winding.
(nearly always DC and are of relatively low power, since their only purpose is to
magnetize the core).

 However, if the winding carries only the load current, it is called an armature.

In DC and AC synchronous machines, separate windings exist to carry field and

armature currents.
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 MOTORS/GENERATORS CONSTRUCTION

A Motor/Generator are made of

 Stator: This is the stationary part Separated by an air gap
 Rotor: This is the rotating part
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MOTORS/GENERATORS CONSTRUCTION

 The rotor and stator each consist of

 Magnetic core,
 Electrical insulation, and
 Windings necessary to establish a magnetic flux (unless this is created by a permanent
magnet).

 The rotor is mounted on a bearing-supported shaft, which can be connected to:

 Mechanical loads (functioning as a motor), or
 A prime mover (functioning as a generator) by means of belts, pulleys, chains,
or other mechanical couplings.

 The windings carry electric currents that generate magnetic fields

(by virtue of Faraday’s law)
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PARTIALLY WOUNDED MOTORS CONSTRUCTION

+ + + =
Rotor: Stator DC Machine
Commutator Brushes
Armature Mechanical Electrical Produces an
conductor are rectifier connector external flux
connected to the
converts ac to between
Commutator
dc armature and
power
Made of copper
segment Pressure is
insulated by adjusted using
mica the spring
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 When a current carrying conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor experience a mechanical
force.

 Direction is given by Flemings left

hand rule
( F- B; S-I; T- M)

 Magnitude is F=B.I.L

Consider a motor with one pair of poles, an armature with a single

Explanation

conductor coil and a commutator with only two segments,

If is field current supplied to the field winding to establish the main field
between the poles N and S.
Ia is armature current via the carbon brushes. This current produces
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magnetic fields around the armature conductors
FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

Magnitude is F=BIL

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Magnetic field due to Stator and Filed Stator and Filed Magnetic interaction
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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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 FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE

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ARMATURE TERMINAL VOLTAGE

The figure represents an equivalent circuit of an

armature
E is the induced emf
Ia
R is the armature resistance Ra
a
The armature terminal voltage is given by: Va
E
Va = E + IaRa

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Classification of DC Motors
(on type of excitation of field windings)
• 1. Separately excited dc motors

• 2. Self excited dc motors

• Series wound or dc series motors
• Shunt wound or dc shunt motors
• Compound wound or dc compound motors
• Long shunt dc compound motors
• Short shunt dc compound motors
• 3. Permanent magnet excited dc motors

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 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTORS
For accurate speed control it is advisable to use a separately excited motor
i.e. Armature and Field Windings supplied through independent dc rectifiers
AC SUPPLY

If

Ra Rf
CONTROLLED DIODE
RECTIFIER Va Vf RECTIFIER
E

 The diode rectifier supplies constant field current maintaining a fixed value of flux, .

 The controlled rectifier (supplying the armature winding) provides a fully variable armature
terminal voltage, Va.
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 SHUNT WOUND DC MOTORS

Field Winding:

iN If Nf
φ 
S S
Where, S is the reluctance,
N is the number of turns in the coil and
i is the coil current.

Armature Winding:
Armature terminal voltage, V = E + IaRa

V = kn + IaRa V : External supply voltage are normally constant,

hence keeping If and hence 
Rf : field winding resistance constant.

with  constant, let K1 = k V = K1n + IaRa

V  Ia Ra
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 The steady state speed  n 
K1
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 SERIES WOUND DC MOTORS
I
Induced armature
emf, E
Rf
field
winding V
Nf turns
V

Ra
armature
winding
E
Current, I

In the series motor current, I flows through both field and armature windings so:

V = E + I(Ra + Rf)

let R = Ra + Rf  V = E + IR
87  E = V - IR
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Speed control of dc motor

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