ROCKS

Earth is a solid rock

to a depth of 2,900
kilometers, where
mantle meets the
liquid outer core.
A rock is a naturally occurring solid
aggregate of one or more minerals.
The aggregate minerals forming the
rocks are held together by chemical
bonds.

Petrology is the scientific study of

rocks. Petrologists classify
rocks based on how they were
formed.
Geologists then group THREE TYPES OF
ROCKS
rocks into
three categories based on IGNEOUS

how the rocks form:

Igneous, sedimentary
and METAMORPHI SEDEMENTAR
metamorphic rock. C Y
IGNEOUS ROCK
Igneous Rock
formed from hardening and crystallization
Two types of igneous rock:
of magma or molten material that
originates deep within the earth.

EXTRUSIV
E/ Intrusive/
VOLCANIC Plutonic
ROCK
EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC ROCK

- forms when magma makes its way to Earth’s

surface as lava and then cools. The crystals are
very small (fine grained) since the cooling
process is fast. EXTRUSIV
E/
VOLCANIC
ROCK
INTRUSIVE/PLUTONIC

- It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and

are created by magma. The intrusive igneous
rocks have very large crystals (coarse grained).
INTRUSIV
E/
PLUTONIC
 1. COMPOSITION

FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and silicates

MAFIC - dark in color; made up of magnesium and iron
INTERMEDIATE – between mafic and felsic
ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color
2. TEXTURE
- overall appearance of rock

APHANISTIC - fine grained

PHANERITIC- coarse grained

PORPHYRITIC- large crystals with small crystals

GLASSY- non-ordered solid from rapid quenching

PYROCLASTIC- composite of ejected fragments

Examples:
Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, gabbro
ANDESITE BASALT DIORITE GABBRO

GRANITE OBSIDIAN PEGMATITE

PERIDOTITE

PUMICE RHYOLIT SCORIA TUFF

METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
Metamorphic Rocks
- forms from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous,
sedimentary
2 types of metamorphism

REGIONAL CONTACT
 METAMORPHISM - transformation of one rock type into another.

1. Regional -due to changes in 2. Contact -mainly by heat due to

pressure and temperature over large contact with magma
region of the crust
Classification:

a. Texture - refers to the size arrangement ad grains within the

rock.

b. Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or

structural features
within the rock.

*foliated - appeared banded or layered,

contains crystals Example: mica

Non-foliated - made up of only few minerals

SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
 Sedimentary Rocks
provide information about surface conditions that existed in
the Earth’s past.

 Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of

materials called sediments, accumulate in layers and over
long period of time harden into rocks.
 Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered
sediments it bind together to form the sedimentary rocks.
The most important geological processes that lead to
the creation of sedimentary rocks are erosion,
weathering, dissolution, precipitation, and
lithification. Erosion and weathering include the
effects of wind and rain, which slowly break down
large rocks into smaller ones.
 Three types of sedimentary rocks

CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY CHEMICAL ORGANIC

ROCK - formed when dissolved
- formed from accumulation minerals precipitate from a - rocks formed from the
of clasts: little pieces of broken solution. accumulation of
rocks and shells. animal debris
Example: Halite - formed
Examples: conglomerate, when a body of seawater Example: Coal -
breccia, sandstone, shale becomes closed off and composed of organic
evaporates. matter in the form of
plants fragments.