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Data Structures & Algorithm Analysis

This document discusses an algorithms and data structures course. It will use two textbooks and be graded based on exams, quizzes, and assignments. The document focuses on analyzing algorithms using Big-O notation to determine how the running time of an algorithm grows with the size of the input. It provides examples of counting the number of operations for different structures like for loops, nested loops, consecutive fragments, and if statements to calculate the time complexity.

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najiullah khan
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56 views21 pages

Data Structures & Algorithm Analysis

This document discusses an algorithms and data structures course. It will use two textbooks and be graded based on exams, quizzes, and assignments. The document focuses on analyzing algorithms using Big-O notation to determine how the running time of an algorithm grows with the size of the input. It provides examples of counting the number of operations for different structures like for loops, nested loops, consecutive fragments, and if statements to calculate the time complexity.

Uploaded by

najiullah khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Data Structures and

Algorithm

Instructor: Javid Ali


Textbook
 Mark Allen Weiss, Data Structures
and Algorithm Analysis in Java,

 NELL DALE, OBJECT-ORIENTED


DATA STRUCTURES USING Java
Grading
 Final exam: 50%
 Midterm: 25%
 Quizzes: 15%
 Assignments: 10%
Java Chapter 2: Algorithm
Analysis
 Application of Big-Oh to program
analysis
 Running Time Calculations
Background
  The work done by an algorithm, i.e.
its complexity, is determined by the
number of the basic operations
necessary to solve the problem.
The Task 
 Determine how the number of
operations depend on the size of
input :
 N - size of input
 F(N) - number of operations
Basic operations in an algorit
hm
 
 Problem:
 Find x in an array
 Operation:
 Comparison of x with an entry in the
array
 Size of input:
 The number of the elements in the array
Basic operations …. 
 Problem:
 Multiplying two matrices with real entries
 Operation:
 Multiplication of two real numbers
 Size of input:
 The dimensions of the matrices
Basic operations …. 
 Problem:
 Sort an array of numbers
 Operation:
 Comparison of two array entries plus
moving elements in the array
 Size of input:
 The number of elements in the array
Counting the number of ope
rations
A. 
 for loops O(n)
 The running time of a for loop is at most
the running time of the statements
inside the loop × the number of
iterations.
for loops 
sum = 0;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++ )
sum = sum + i;

The running time is O(n)


Counting the number of ope
rations
 B.
 Nested loops
 The total running time is the running
time of the inside statements × the
product of the sizes of all the loops
Nested loops
sum = 0;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++)
for( j = 0; j < n; j++)
sum++;

The running time is O(n2)



Counting the number of ope
rations
 C.
 Consecutive program fragments Total
running time :
 the maximum of the running time of the
individual fragments
Consecutive program fragme
nts
sum = 0;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++) O(n)
sum = sum + i;
sum = 0;
for( i = 0; i < n; i++)
for( j = 0; j < 2n; j++) O(n2)
sum++;

The maximum is O(n2)


Counting the number of
operations D:
 If statement
if (C )
S1;
O(Max(S1,S2))
else
S2;

 The running time is the maximum of the


running times of S1 and S2.
EXAMPLES 

sum = 0;
for( i = 0 ; i < n; i++)
O(n3)
for( j = 0 ; j < n*n ; j++ )
sum++;
EXAMPLES

sum = 0;
for( i = 0; i < n ; i++)
O(n2)
for( j = 0; j < i ; j++)
sum++;
EXAMPLES

for(j = 0; j < n*n; j++)


? O(n3logn)
compute_val(j);

The complexity of compute_val(x) is given


to be O(n*logn)
Search in an unordered
array of elements 
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
if (a[ i ] == x) O(n)

return 1;
return -1;
Search in a table n x m
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
for (j = 0; j < m; j++)  
O(n*m)
if (a[ i ][ j ] == x)
return 1 ;
return -1;

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