WWW.CHEMSHEETS.CO.
UK
POLYMERS
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
WHAT ARE POLYMERS? (MACROMOLECULES)
• Very long molecules
• Thermosoftening polymers
• Covalent bonds within chains
• Chains not joined together (but
often tangled up)
WHAT ARE POLYMERS? (MACROMOLECULES)
monomer polymer
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Some definitions
Polymer
long chain molecule made from lots of small
molecules joined together
Monomer
small molecules that join together to make polymers
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
POLYMERS
Addition Condensation
polymers polymers
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Some definitions
Addition Polymerisation
formation of long chain molecules from lots of small
molecules joining together with no other products
Condensation Polymerisation
formation of long chain molecules from lots of small
molecules joining together with another small
molecule (e.g. water) produced as well
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
WWW.CHEMSHEETS.CO.UK
ADDITION
POLYMERS
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H
C C
H H n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H H H H
n C C C C
H H H H n
ethene poly(ethene)
polythene
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
poly(ethene)
polythene
H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H H H H n H H n
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H CH3
C C
H H n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H CH3 H CH3
n C C C C
n
H H H H
propene poly(propene)
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Polypropene
Poly(propene)
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
C C C C C C
n n
H H H H H H
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C6H5
C C
H H n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H C6H5 H C6H5
n C C C C
H H H H n
phenylethene poly(phenylethene)
polystyrene
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Polystyrene
Poly(phenylethene)
polystyrene
H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
C C C C C C
H H H H n H H n
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H Cl
C C
H H n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H Cl H Cl
n C C C C
n
H H H H
chloroethene poly(chloroethene)
PVC
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
PVC
Poly(chloroethene)
PVC
H Cl H Cl H Cl
C C C C C C
n n
H H H H H H
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
F F F F F F F F F F F F
C C C C C C C C C C C C
F F F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F F F
C C C C C C C C C C C C
F F F F F F F F F F F F
F F
C C
F F n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
F F F F
n C C C C
n
F F F F
tetrafluoroethene poly(tetrafluoroethene)
PTFE / Teflon
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
PTFE / Teflon
Poly(tetrafluoroethene)
Teflon
F F F F F F
C C C C C C
n n
F F F F F F
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN
H COOCH3
C C
H CN n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H COOCH3 H COOCH3
n C C C C
n
H CN H CN
methyl 2-cyanopropenoate poly(methyl 2-cyanopropenoate)
superglue
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
superglue
poly(methyl 2-cyanopropenoate)
superglue
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C
n n
H CN H CN H CN
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
H COOCH3
C C
H CH3 n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
H COOCH3 H COOCH3
n C C C C
n
H CH3 H CH3
methyl 2-propenoate poly(methyl 2-propenoate )
perspex
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
perspex
poly(methyl 2-propenoate )
Perspex
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C
n n
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
WWW.CHEMSHEETS.CO.UK
CONDENSATION
POLYMERS
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Some definitions
Addition Polymerisation
formation of long chain molecules from lots of small
molecules joining together with no other products
Condensation Polymerisation
formation of long chain molecules from lots of small
molecules joining together with another small
molecule (e.g. water) produced as well
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
WWW.CHEMSHEETS.CO.UK
POLYESTERS
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
dicarboxylic acid diol
O O
H O C C O H H O O H
–H2O
O O
HO C C O OH
© www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1095 17-Jul-16
Dicarboxylic acid + diol
Polyesters
O O – H2O O O
H O C C O H H O O H H O C C O H H O O H
–H2O
O O O O
C C O O C C O O
O O O O
C C O O C C O O
n
repeating unit polymer structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Polyesters
monomers
polymer – repeating unit
polymer – structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Polyesters
e.g. terylene (PET)
ethane-1,2-diol
HO C H2 C H2 OH
O O
benzene-1,4-
dicarboxylic acid HO C C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C O C H2 C H2 O
O O
polymer structure
C C O C H2 C H2 O
n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
e.g. terylene
(PET)
WWW.CHEMSHEETS.CO.UK
POLYAMIDES
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
dicarboxylic acid diamine
O O
H O C C O H H N N H
H H
–H2O
O O
HO C C N N H
H H
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Dicarboxylic acid + diamine Polyamides
O O O O
H O C C O H H N N H H O C C O H H N N H
H H H H
–H2O
O O O O
C C N N C C N N
H H H H
O O O
O
C C N N C C N N
H H H H
n
repeating unit polymer structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Polyamides
monomers
polymer – repeating unit
polymer – structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Polyamides
e.g. nylon-6,6
1,6-diaminohexane H 2N C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH2
O O
hexane-1,6-dioic
acid HO C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C HN C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH
O O
C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C HN C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH
polymer structure
n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
Polyamides
e.g. nylon-6,6
1,6-diaminohexane H 2N C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH2
O O
hexane-1,6-dioic
acid HO C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C HN C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH
O O
C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C HN C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH
polymer structure
n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
e.g. nylon
Polyamides
e.g. Kevlar
1,4-diaminobenzene H 2N NH2
O O
benzene-1,4-
dicarboxylic acid HO C C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C HN NH
O O
polymer structure
C C HN NH
n
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
e.g. Kevlar
Amino acids Polyamides
POLYMER
MONOMER
repeating unit
contains both acid
+ amine group
polymer structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
EXAMPLE 1
monomers
polymer – repeating unit
polymer – structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
EXAMPLE 2
monomers
polymer – repeating unit
polymer – structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
EXAMPLE 3
monomers
polymer – repeating unit
polymer – structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
EXAMPLE 4
monomers
polymer – repeating unit
polymer – structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
EXAMPLE 5
monomer
polymer – repeating unit
polymer – structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
EXAMPLE 6
monomers
polymer – repeating unit
polymer – structure
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1244 17-Jul-17
