Engineering Physics
PHY-110
FO-4
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY QUANTUM MECHANICS
LASER WAVES
Dr. Vishal Thakur
Department of Physics
Lovely Professional University
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Phagwara, Punjab-144411
FIBER OPTICS
Syllabus
• Fiber optics introduction, optical fiber as a dielectric wave
guide (Discussion + Video)
• Total internal reflection, acceptance angle, numerical
aperture, relative refractive index, V-Number
• Step index and graded index fibers
• losses associated with optical fibers
• Applications of optical fibers
Losses Associated with Optical Fibers
The losses in optical fibers may be due to the following causes:
1. Rayleigh Scattering Losses
2. Absorption Losses
3. Microbend Losses
4. Macrobend Losses
Rayleigh Scattering Loss
The glass in optical fiber is an amorphous solid (i.e. Rayleigh Scattering
non-crystalline)
It is formed by cooling the glass from the molten Rayleigh scattering, named after the British physicist
Lord Rayleigh is the elastic scattering of light or other
state at high temperature until it freezes.
electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller
During this forming process some imperfections are
than the wavelength of the radiation.
caused in the fiber which allow to scatter a small
portion of the light passing through the glass The cause of scattering can be a particle, a density
creating losses. anomaly or even a surface anomaly.
Since scattering is wavelength dependent process,
it affects each wavelength differently.
Some typical scattering loss is as follows:
2.5 dB/km at 0.82
0.24 dB/km at 1.3
0.012 dB/km at 1.55
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Absorption Losses
Three mechanism contribute to the absorption loss
1. Ultraviolet absorption
2. Infrared absorption
3. Ion resonance absorption.
The oxygen ions in pure silica have very tightly bonded electrons and only the ultraviolet light photons
have enough energy to be absorbed. However in silica light guide, the dopants and transitional metal
impurities have electrons that can be excited in the visible and near infrared light regions.
Infrared absorption takes place because photons of light energy are absorbed by atoms within the glass
molecules and converted to the random mechanical vibration type of heating.
During manufacture some minute quantities of water molecules trapped in the glass contribute hydroxyl
ions (OH-) to the material. These ions also absorb energy at peaks of 0.95, 1.23 and 1.3 micro meter with
main peak at 1.39 micrometer.
Micro bending Losses
Microbend loss is a loss due to small
surface irregularities in the cladding. This
causes light to be reflected at angles where
there is no further reflection.
Macro bending Losses
Macrobend is a bend in the
entire cable which causes
certain modes not to be
reflected and therefore
causes loss to the cladding.
Attenuation
Attenuation loss in an optical fiber is defined as the ratio of
optical output power Pout from a fiber of length L to the optical
input power Pin. It is measured in decibel/km.
For ideal case , but in actual practice a low loss fiber may have .
Attenuation
Q. Attenuation loss for a certain fiber is found to be 3.5
dB/km. If initial power is 0.35 mW, what is power output
after 4 km?
Applications of Fiber Optics
Wide range application is there in the field of communication
as information channels.
In military mobiles such as air-craft, ships, tanks etc., fiber
guided missiles, short and long distance communication links.
Close circuit TV (CCTV) links for traffic controls and security.
In ophthalmology, a laser beam guided by fibers is used to
reattach detached retinas and to correct defects in vision.
In endoscopy for visualization of internal portions of the
human body.
In sensors and transducers.
In the signal multiplexing.
