Creativity
Stagner & Karwoski (1973): Creativity implies the
production of totally or partially novel identity.
Spearman (1931): Creativity is the process of the human
mind to create new concepts by transforming relations &
thereby generating new correlations.
M.J. Levin (1978): Creativity is the ability to discover new
solutions to problems or to produce new ideas, inventions
or work arts.
Skinner (1968): creative thinking means that the
predictions and/or inferences for the individual are new,
original, unusual. The creative thinker is one who
explores new areas and makes new observations, new
predictions & new inferences.
As Process
Stein: A process is creative when it results in a new work, that is
accepted as useful or satisfying by a group at some point at a
time.
Torrance : Creativity is a mental process of seeing or creating
most unforeseen and novel relationship between two or more
things and ideas.
1. To find things or ideas and classify/ discriminate in categories
2. To synthesis and bring together elements in new & original ways
Walls & Patrick: Four Steps
1. Preparation: Observation made
2. Incubation: Ideas came to mind
3. Illumination: Emergence of Concept (Joyful moment)
4. Verification: Evaluation
Nature
Universal
Innate as well as acquired
Produces something new or novel
Adventurous
Open thinking
Carries ego involvement
Wide scope
Creativity & School Achievement are not correlated
Creativity & Anxiety often go together
Creativity & Sociability are negatively correlated
Creativity & Intelligence
Rests more on Divergent thinking than Convergent thinking
Important basis in the world of imagination
Creative Person
Originality of Ideas & Expression
Sense of Adventure
Good Memory
Good General Knowledge
High degree of awareness and concentration
An investigative & Curious nature
Foresight
Lack of tolerance for boredom & discomfort
Ambitious nature
Interest in Vague & Silly Ideas
Creative Person…………….
Fluency of Expression
Flexibility in thought, perception & action
Ability to learn
Ability to transfer learning
Ability to elaborate-to work out the details of an idea
Absence of fear
Attraction to unknown, Mysterious & Unexplained
Pride in creation
High Values
Restless
Creative Person…………….
Open mind with preference for complexity &
incompleteness
High degree of sensitivity towards problems
Self-Respect
Self Discipline
Capacity to Daydream
Ability to keep many ideas in focus in a time
Preference of complex phenomenon
High energy level
Careless about handwriting
Theories of Creativity
Divine Inspiration Theory:
Creativity is not universally distributed
Gifted according to luck : some get large share & some denied
Creativity equivalent to Insanity:
Based on Historical Evidence
Thinking & Behaviour of a creative person is very similar to abnormal
Creativity is Inborn:
A special mental power
Unique Cognition ability
One may born with certain capabilities
Theories of Creativity………
Creativity is Environmentally Acquired:
Creativity is not only the result of heredity
Creativity is acquired like other traits/ habits
Positive/ Open environment help in developing creativity
Taylor’s Level Theory:
Creativity may be described as existing at five levels in a ascending
hierarchy
Expressive Level: Spontaneous Expression without reference to
originality & quality of the product
Productive Level: A person is able to produce something innovative
Inventive Level: Preference of geniuses with emphasis on novel use of
old things
Innovative Level: A person is able to develop new ideas or principles
with the help of highly developed skills
Emergenative Level: Highest Level- Abstract Ideas
Theories of Creativity……………………….
Psychoanalytical Theory:
Creativity is means & production of one’s emotions/
sublimation of emotions
Most creative works of arts
Portraying beautiful figures of man & women
Expression of repressed sexual desires
Paintings, compositions
Developing Creativity
Freedom to respond
Opportunity for ego- involvement
Removal of hesitation & fear
Providing appropriate atmosphere & opportunity for
creative expression
Developing healthy habits
Using creative recourses of community
Avoidance of blocks to creative thinking
Proper organization of curriculum
Evaluation system
Developing Creativity……….
Teaching by examples
Use of special techniques
Brainstorming
Role Playing
Teaching models
Gaming techniques
Creating encouraging environment
Encouraging divergent thinking
Encouraging self trust
Encouraging study of Master Pieces
Rewarding Creative Achievement/ Idea
