Globalization, its

History, and its

Impacts
 History of Globalization -
Outline From Ancient Silk Road to
Globalization 4.0.
Belt and Road Initiative.

The Negative and Positive

Impacts of Globalization.
HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
Ancient Silk Road.
Spice Routes.
Age of Discovery.
First Wave of Globalization.
Second and Third Waves Globalization.
Globalization 4.0.
Ancient Silk Road
The Silk Road was an ancient
trade route that linked the
Western world with the Middle
East and Asia. It was a major
conduit for trade between the
Roman Empire and China and
later between medieval European
kingdoms and China.
Ancient Silk Road
• A network of routes that stretched from Asia to Europe (6,437
km.).
• Commercial, technological, and cultural exchanges between
East and West.
• Silk, porcelain, tea, gun powder, spices and other precious
stones were sent from Asia to Europe.
• Horses, glassware, textiles and other products were sent
eastward.
• Cultural elements were also exchanged. Ex. Religion.
• Traders joined caravans. Middlemen and trading posts emerged
along the Silk Road.
Spice Routes

The Spice Routes, also known as Maritime

Silk Roads, is the name given to the
network of sea routes that link the East
with the West. They stretch from the west
coast of Japan, through the islands of
Indonesia, around India to the lands of the
Middle East - and from there, across the
Mediterranean to Europe.
SPICE ROUTES
• Became the focus of the international trade during the
medieval period.
• Cloves, Nutmeg, and Mace.
• Islam - its spread signaled the expansion of trade.
• Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia.
• Original Belt and Road trading routes had already
been laid.
• Belt and Road Initiative.
Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, also known as the

Age of Exploration, was the period from
the 15th century to the late 18th, when
Europeans set sail to discover and
explore other lands. It also marked the
beginning of European colonialism and the
start of the Mercantilist Age, as well as the
beginning of globalization.
Age of Discovery
• Time when global trade kicked off.
• East and West were connected.
• Voyage of Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand
Magellan's circumnavigation of the world. 
• Potatoes, tomatoes, coffee, chocolate -Europe;
horses, firearms, use of wheel, metal fishhooks,
apples, oranges -colonies.
• Trade started to become global.
• Mercantilism and colonialism -exploitation.
First Wave of
Globalization

Globalization's first wave, which lasted

from 1870 to 1914, is viewed today as the
embodiment of the liberal open economic
paradigm. This period saw the spread of
international trade, built on the exchange
of Western manufactures for developing
economies' primary commodities along
low-tariff corridors.
FIRST WAVE OF
GLOBALIZATION
• Industrial Revolution - marked by advancements in
Science and Technology.
• Advancements in transportation and communication.
• Great Britain and other Western states were able to
produce goods that were needed across the globe.
• Trade grew by 3% every year.
• Joint stock companies were open for investments;
foreign direct investments were becoming global.
First Wave of
Globalization
• Western states put restraints on certain
countries.
• Workers were commodified and many were
replaced by machines.
• Two World Wars had negative impacts on
Globalization.
SECOND AND THIRD
WAVES OF
GLOBALIZATION
SECOND AND THIRD WAVES
OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization under the leadership of the United States of
America.
• The collapse of USSR and the end of Cold War contributed to
the greater successes of Globalization.
• The defeat of USSR proved that Capitalism is better than
Communism.
• States entered into free trade agreements.
• The Internet and computers contributed to the expansion of
globalization; global trade grew, economies developed, and
many people became members of the middle class. 
GLOBALIZATION 4.0
Globalization 4.0
• Globalization's new frontier - cyber world.
• E-commerce, digital services.
• Dominated by two powers - USA and China.
• Many problems brought by Globalization were exposed.
• Economic Inequality, Mass Migration, Environmental Problems.
Waves of Globalization
BELT AND ROAD
INITIATIVE
• Economic prosperity, closer cooperation, and peace and
development.
• Silk Road Economic Belt - land-based 
• 21st Century Maritime Silk Road - Sea-based.
• Network of road, railways, ports, power grids, oil and
gas pipelines, and other infrastructure projects.
• Philippines - Estrella-Pantaleon Bridge, Binondo-
Intramuros Bridge Chico River Pump Irrigation, Subic-
Clark Railway Project, Kaliwa Dam Project.
• Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy.
Belt and Road
Initiative
In 2013, President Xi Jinping introduced the Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI), bannering it as China’s key
initiative designed to engage neighboring states and
regions in international cooperation through overland
and maritime connections. The idea was to connect
Europe to Asia through infrastructure projects that
would promote not only physical connectivity
between regions, but also trade and people-to-people
linkages.
Negative and Positive Impacts of Globalization
Positive: Negative:
• Employment • Health Issues
• Free Movement of Labor • Loss of Culture
• Education
• Uneven Wealth Distribution
• Disparity
• Cultural Exchanges
• Cutthroat Competition
• Product Quality
• Conflicts
• Cheaper Prices • Monopoly
• Free Movement of Capital • Inflation
• Communications • Environment Degradation
• Transportation
• International Trade
• GDP Increase
• Increase in Economies of Scale
How should We Treat Globalization?