TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 2: NUMBER
SYSTEMS, OPERATIONS,
AND CODES
DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN 1
402061
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The picture content of this slide is from

Thomas L. Floyd, [2015],Digital Fundamentals,
11e. Prentice Hall.

3/24/2016 402061 - CHAP 2: NUMBER SYSTEMS, OPERATIONS, AND CODES 2

 OUTLINE

1. Binary numbers
2. Basic operations in binary numbers
3. 1’s and 2’s complements, signed numbers and operations
4. Octal and hexadecimal numbers
5. Binary coded decimal (BCD), digital codes, and error
codes

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 OBJECTIVES
 Count in binary number system, convert
between decimal numbers and binary numbers
 Apply arithmetic operations to binary
numbers
 Determine the 1’s and 2’s complements of a
binary number
 Signed binary numbers
 Carry out arithmetic operations with signed
binary numbers

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 OBJECTIVES
 Convert between number systems: DEC,
BIN, HEX, OCT
 Express decimal numbers in BCD form
 Add BCD number
 Convert between the binary system and the
Gray code
 ASCII

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 BINARY SYSTEM
 Base 2
 2 symbols: 0 and 1

3/24/2016 402061 - CHAP 2: NUMBER SYSTEMS, OPERATIONS, AND CODES 6

 BINARY COUNTING

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 BINARY COUNTING
Digital counters frequently have the same
pattern of digits

Counter 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Decoder

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

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 BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

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 DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
 For a decimal number: repeatedly dividing by
the base
49 DEC  ? BIN

 For a decimal fraction: repeatedly multiplying

by 2
0.188DEC  ? BIN

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 BINARY ADDITION
Rules for binary addition:
0 + 0 = 0 Sum = 0, carry = 0
0 + 1 = 0 Sum = 1, carry = 0
1 + 0 = 0 Sum = 1, carry = 0
1 + 1 = 10 Sum = 0, carry = 1

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 BINARY SUBTRACTION
Rules for binary subtraction:
0-0=0
1-0=1
1-1=0
10 - 1 = 1 with a borrow of 1

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 1’s COMPLEMENT
1’s complement of a binary number is the
inverse of the digits.

Digital circuit: using inverters

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 2’S COMPLEMENT
2’s complement = 1’s complement + 1

Digital circuit:

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 SIGNED BINARY NUMBERS
 MSB is the sign bit
 MSB = 0: positive number
 MSB = 1: negative number
 For signed number, the weight of MSB is
always negative

 27

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 SIGNED BINARY NUMBERS
 Negative numbers are written as the 2’s
complement of the corresponding positive
numbers

5  ? BIN

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 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
with signed numbers

 Addition: discard any final carries

(The result is already in signed form)

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 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
with signed numbers

Overflow: occurs when numbers of bit for the

answer exceed.
 Only happen when adding numbers with the
same sign.
 The overflow will be indicated by the change
of the sign bit.

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 HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS
Decimal Hexadecimal Binary
 Hex uses 16 characters 0 0 0000
to represent numbers 1 1 0001
2 2 0010
 Base: 16 3 3 0011
4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000
9 9 1001
10 A 1010
11 B 1011
12 C 1100
13 D 1101
14 E 1110
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402061 - CHAP 2: NUMBER SYSTEMS, OPERATIONS, AND 19 1111
 HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS
 Convert from binary number: group 4 bits

 Convert to decimal number:

1A2 F  ? DEC

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 OCTAL NUMBERS
Decimal Octal Binary
 Use 8 characters 0 0 0000
1 1 0001
to represent numbers 2 2 0010
 Base: 8 3 3 0011
4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 10 1000
9 11 1001
10 12 1010
11 13 1011
12 14 1100
13 15 1101
14 16 1110
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402061 - CHAP 2: NUMBER SYSTEMS, OPERATIONS, AND 17 1111
21
 OCTAL NUMBERS
 Convert from binary number: group 3 bits

 Convert to decimal number:

1356OCT  ? DEC

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 BINARY CODED DECIMAL (BCD)

 Use 4 bits to represent decimal numbers

(09)
 BCD is commonly used in digital system
Decimal Binary BCD
 Applications: digital clocks, 0 0000 0000
digital thermometers, and other 1 0001 0001
2 0010 0010
devices with 7-segment displays 3 0011 0011
4 0100 0100
5 0101 0101
6 0110 0110
7 0111 0111
8 1000 1000
9 1001 1001
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 BCD ADDITION
 Step 1: Add 2 BCD
numbers, using rules for
binary addition
 Step 2: If the result is
less than 9  valid BCD
 Step 3: If the result is
more than 9  invalid BCD
 Add 6 (0110) to the
result to get valid BCD

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 DIGITAL CODES, ERROR DETECTION
& CORRECTION CODES

ASSIGNMENT: Find out about the following

information:
 The Gray Code
 The advantage of the Gray Code
 Convert between Gray Code and Binary
 ASCII vs. Unicode
 Error detection codes
 Parity method
 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

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 SUMMARY
In this chapter, we have learned:
 how to count in different number systems,
convert between number systems: DEC, BIN,
HEX, OCT
 arithmetic operations to binary numbers
 the 1’s and 2’s complements of a binary
number
 signed binary numbers and their arithmetic
operations

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 SUMMARY
In this chapter, we have learned:
 the expression of decimal numbers in BCD
form
 addition of BCD number
 Gray code and ASCII

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 HW #2
DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS 11th edition (borrow
from the library)
 Prob: pg 117 – 121 every odd problem
 Prepare chap 3: Logic gates

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