UNIVERSAL TESTING
MACHINE
“The "universal" part of the name reflects that it can perform many standard tensile
and compression tests on materials, components, and structures (in other words, that
it is versatile).”
CONTENTS
What is UTM?
What is the Principle of UTM?
What are the 2 main parts of UTM and
its components?
What are the standard test performed
by UTM?
What is Universal Testing Machine(UTM) ?
An electric machine used in Engineering
where the main mechanical properties of a
given specimen of a construction material
are being tested.
Also known as a Universal Tester
Used to assess the strength of materials.
A widely used across a range of
applications in the manufacturing industry.
Mainly used for tensile and compression
testing of metallic and non-metallic
materials.
What is the Principle of UTM?
It works on the principle of elongation and deformation.
These machines usually use a hydraulic cylinder to create the force.
The applied force is determined by system pressure which can be accurately measured.
This is how the machine works – “The high-pressure oil pump supplies oil to the working
cylinder, and through the movement of the piston, the platen and the upper beam (the
upper jaw seat) are pushed upward to perform the tensile or compression test of the
sample.”
The tensile test is carried out between the upper beam of the main machine and the moving
beam, and the compression test is carried out between the platen of the main machine and
the moving beam.
The adjustment of the test space is achieved by the drive mechanism (elevating motor,
sprocket, chain, etc.) driving the double screw to rotate synchronously to raise and lower
the moving beam.
What are the 2 main parts of UTM?
LOADING UNIT
Load Frame
Upper crosshead and Lower crosshead
Elongation Scale
CONTROL UNIT
Hydraulic Power Unit
Load Measuring Unit
Control Devices
LOADING UNIT
Load Frame Upper Crosshead and Lower
The load frame of a universal testing Crosshead
machine can be made either by single The upper crosshead is used to clamp
support or by double support. The load one end of the test specimen. The lower
Frame consists of a table (where the crosshead in the load frame is the
specimen is placed for the compression movable crosshead whose screws can be
test), upper crosshead, and lower loosened for height adjustment and
crosshead. tightened. Both the crossheads have a
tapered slot at the center. This slot has a
Elongation Scale pair of racked jaws that is intended to
The relative movement of the lower and grip and hold the tensile test specimen. In
upper table is measured by an elongation some models, the crossheads have
scale which is provided along with the hydraulic jaws and powered by a
loading unit. separate power pack.
CONTROL UNIT
Hydraulic Power Unit Load Measuring Unit
This unit consists of an oil pump that provides non- This unit has a pendulum dynamometer
pulsating oil flow into the main cylinder of the load
unit. This flow helps in the smooth application of
unit that has a small cylinder with a
load on the specimen. The oil pump in a hydraulic piston which moves with the non-
power unit is run by an electric motor and radial pulsating oil flow. The pendulum is
piston pump. connected to the piston by pivot lever.
Control Devices The pivot lever deflects based on the
The control devices can be electric or hydraulic. load applied to the specimen. This
Electric control devices make use of switches to deflection is converted to the load
move the crossheads and switch on/off the unit. A pointer and displays as the load on the
hydraulic control device consists of two valves, dial. In some models, the machine is
Right Control Valve and Left Control Valve or
Release Valve. A right control valve is used to apply equipped with pressure transducers and
load on the specimen. The left control valve is used the feedback from the transducers is fed
to release the load application. to an electronic panel for accurate load
What are the standard test performed by UTM?
TENSILE TEST
Clamp a single piece of the specimen on
each of its ends and pull it apart until it
breaks. This measures how strong it is
(tensile strength) how stretchy it is
(elongation), and how stiff it is (tensile
modulus).
Tensile Specimens:
Bars, tubes, sheets, pin-loaded specimens, round specimens, and
powdered metallurgy products are some of the many options
for testing to this standard. However, the most common specimen is a
dog-bone shaped rectangle with a width of 12.5 mm and gauge length
of 50 mm. The gauge length should be five times its diameter or as per
the standards.
What are the standard test performed by UTM?
COMPRESSION TEST
The exact opposite of a tensile test. This
is where you compress an object between
level plates until a certain load or
distance has been reached or the product
breaks.
The typical measurements are the
maximum force sustained before
breakage (compressive force), or load at
displacement (i.e. 55 pounds at 1”
compression), or displacement at load
(i.e. 0.28” of compression at 20 pounds
of force).
What are the standard test performed by UTM?
PEEL TEST
Similar to a tensile test. However, instead
of pulling apart a single piece, you pull
apart two materials that have been bonded
together.
In this test, you one clamp holds one
material and the other clamp holds the
other materials. Then you pull them apart
for a few inches.
The force is measured up to 1000 times
per second during the test and the average
of all of the force readings are reported as
the “average peel force”.
What are the standard test performed by UTM?
BENDING TEST
This is a compression test where you
support a length of material by spanning
it across two supports on each end.
Nothing is supporting the middle portion
underneath of it. Then you press down
from above directly in the middle of the
span of material until the supported
material breaks or reaches a specific
distance.
This test measures how strong the
material in flexure (flexural strength) and
how stiff it is (flexural modulus).
VIDEO REFERENCES
https://youtu.be/Nam1dYLNSd4 - UTM
https://youtu.be/gY_hYswySH4 - UTM
https://youtu.be/D8U4G5kcpcM - Tensile Test
https://youtu.be/rFWkJpj43yI - Compressive Test
https://youtu.be/s6RAkhvxwa4 - Peel Test
https://youtu.be/nqfUeCyPx_U - Bending Test
REFERENCES
https://fietest.com/articles-post.php?id=3&post=an-exclusive-guide-on-how-to-use-a-unive
rsal-testing-machine
.
https://www.instron.com/en/testing-solutions/astm-standards/astm-e290
https://www.admet.com/testing-applications/test-types/peel-testing/
https://
www.researchgate.net/figure/The-compression-test-of-the-universal-testing-machine_fig4_
350084575
http://www.engineeringarchives.com/les_mom_tensiletest.html
https://youtu.be/Nam1dYLNSd4
THANK YOU!
