LANGUAGE EDUCATION

RESEARCH
PREPARED BY:

JENALYN L. BAYAWA, LPT,MED- RLL

 What is Language Education Research?
• Language education research is a field of study that examines:
- the teaching and learning of languages, including second language
acquisition, language pedagogy, and the use of technology in
language education.
- It also encompasses the study of the effectiveness of different
instructional methods and materials, as well as the examination of
language learner characteristics and their impact on language
acquisition.
- This research can inform the development of language curricula,
assessment tools, and teacher training programs.
Types of Research
• 1. Quantitative research: This type of research uses
numerical data to test hypotheses and determine cause-
and-effect relationships. It is often used to test theories or
to gather large amounts of data from a large sample of
subjects.
• 2. Qualitative research: This type of research uses non-
numerical data, such as observations, interviews, and
written texts, to understand the subjective experiences
and perspectives of the subjects. It is often used to gain
in-depth understanding of a particular topic or issue.
• 3. Mixed-methods research: This type of research combines both
quantitative and qualitative methods in order to gain a more
comprehensive understanding of a topic.
• 4. Experimental research: This type of research manipulates one or more
independent variables and measures the effect on one or more
dependent variables.
• 5. Non-experimental research: This type of research does not
manipulate variables but instead observe and measure variables as they
occur naturally.
• 6. Action research: This type of research is used to investigate and solve a
specific problem in a real-world setting. It often involves collaboration
between researchers and practitioners to implement solutions and
evaluate their effectiveness.
 Types of Quantitative Research
• 1. Descriptive research: This type of research describes and summarizes
data, such as frequency distributions, averages, and standard
deviations.
• 2. Correlational research: This type of research examines the
relationship between two or more variables, without manipulating any
of them. It aims to determine if there is a statistical association or
correlation between the variables.
• 3. Experimental research: This type of research manipulates one or
more independent variables and measures the effect on one or more
dependent variables. It aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• 4. Quasi-experimental research: This type of research is similar to
experimental research, but the assignment to groups is not random.
• 5. Longitudinal research: This type of research collects data from the
same individuals over an extended period of time, in order to study
changes or development.
• 6. Cross-sectional research: This type of research collects data from
different individuals at the same point in time, in order to study differences
between groups.
• 7. Survey research: This type of research collects data using self-report
measures such as questionnaires or interviews, in order to study attitudes,
beliefs, or behaviors.
• 8. Case study research: This type of research examines one or a small
number of cases in-depth, in order to understand a complex phenomenon.
 Parts of a Quantitative Research
1. Introduction
- This section provides background information on the research problem, states the
research questions or hypotheses, and explains the significance of the study.
2. Literature Review or Review of Related Literature
- This section summarizes and synthesizes existing research on the topic, highlighting
the gap in knowledge that the study aims to fill.
3. Methodology
- This section describes the research design, including the population and sample, data
collection instruments, and procedures used. It also explains the data analysis plan,
including the statistical tests to be used.
4. Results
- This section presents the findings of the study, including descriptive statistics, tables,
figures, and inferential statistics.
5. Discussion
- This section interprets the results and relates them back to the research questions or
hypotheses. It also discusses the implications of the findings for theory and practice.
6. Conclusion
- This section summarizes the main findings of the study and their implications, and
suggests directions for future research.
7. References
- This section lists the sources cited in the research paper, following a specific citation
style.
 Types of Qualitative Research
1. Narrative research
This type of research focuses on the stories and personal experiences of
individuals or groups, and aims to understand their meanings and interpretations.
2. Phenomenological research
This type of research seeks to understand the subjective experiences of
individuals or groups, and aims to identify the essential features or structures of
those experiences.
3. Grounded theory research
This type of research generates theory from data collected through
observations, interviews, or other methods. The theory is "grounded" in the data
and aims to explain or understand a phenomenon.
4. Ethnographic research
This type of research examines the culture, customs, and practices of a
particular group or community, often through extended fieldwork and
participant observation.
5. Case study research
This type of research examines one or a small number of cases in-depth,
in order to understand a complex phenomenon.
6. Action research
This type of research is used to investigate and solve a specific problem
in a real-world setting. It often involves collaboration between researchers
and practitioners to implement solutions and evaluate their effectiveness.
7. Discourse analysis research
This type of research examines the use of language and communication in a
particular context, often focusing on written or spoken texts.
8. Historical research
This type of research examines past events, social structures, and cultural
practices, through the use of primary and secondary sources.
9. Semiotics analysis research
A type of qualitative research that uses the theories and methods of semiotics
to examine the meaning and interpretation of various forms of communication
and representation, such as language, images, and other signs. It is a multi-
disciplinary approach that draws from linguistics, sociology, anthropology,
psychology, and other fields to study how meaning is created and conveyed
through signs and symbols.
 Research Methods and Tools
The appropriate research methods and tools will depend on the research question, the type of
study, and the population being studied.

Quantitative Research:
• Surveys: questionnaires or interviews that are used to gather numerical data from a
large sample of subjects.
• Experiments: manipulates one or more independent variables to measure the effect on
one or more dependent variables.
• Statistical analysis: methods such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and
multivariate analysis are used to analyse numerical data and make inferences about the
population.
 Qualitative Research:
• Interviews: one-on-one or focus group conversations with individuals or
groups to gather in-depth information about their experiences and
perspectives.
• Observations: systematic observation of people, events, or contexts to gather
data about behavior, interactions, and physical settings.
• Content analysis: method used to make valid inferences from text. It is a
research method that aims to make valid inferences from text by interpreting
the meaning of the text.
• Discourse analysis: examines the use of language and communication in a
particular context, often focusing on written or spoken texts.
• Historical research: examines past events, social structures, and cultural
practices, through the use of primary and secondary sources.
 Statistical Treatment to Apply
in a Research
The statistical treatment to apply in a research will depend on the research question, the
type of data collected, and the type of analysis being conducted.
• Descriptive statistics: these methods are used to summarize and describe the data,
such as calculating the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and frequency
distributions.
• Inferential statistics: these methods are used to make inferences about a population
based on a sample of data. Examples include t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square, and
correlation/regression analysis.
• Multivariate statistics: these methods are used to analyze data with multiple
variables, such as principal component analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and
discriminant analysis.
• Non-parametric tests: These tests are used when the data does not meet the
assumptions of parametric tests (normality and equal variances). Examples
include Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and chi-square test for
independence.
• Bayesian statistics: These methods are used to update probability of an event
based on new information, by using prior probability and likelihood.

Note:
The choice of statistical treatment should be based on the research
question and the characteristics of the data, and that the results of statistical
analysis should be interpreted with caution, and in the context of the research
question and the limitations of the study. It's also important to consult with a
statistician when designing the study, analyzing the data and interpreting the
results.