Micro Project of H&S
Topic: Wind Energy
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Welcome
Types Of Wind Energy
There are mainly three types of wind energy.
1. Land Based Wind Energy.
2. Distributed Wind Energy.
3. Offshore Wind Energy.
Types of Wind Energy in Detail:
Land Based Wind Energy
The United States has vast resources of land-based, utility-
scale wind energy. As of December 2021, the United States
has an installed capacity of about 136 gigawatts (GW) of land-
based wind energy, which is enough to power 29 million
American homes each year. However, according to estimates
based on current wind turbine technology , the country has
more than 10,000 GW of potential wind energy at 80-meter
hub heights.
In addition, the Energy Department report Enabling Wind
Power Nationwide finds that taller wind turbine towers of 110
and 140 meters with larger rotors can more efficiently
capture the stronger and more consistent wind found at
greater heights, compared with 80-meter wind turbine
towers typically installed today.
Land Based Report of 2022 is Below:
Domestic wind-related jobs grew to a record number in
2021, with more than 120,000 Americans now working in the
wind industry. Driving the job growth is the 13,413
megawatts (MW) of new utility-scale wind capacity in 2021,
largely attributed to a significant improvement in the cost
and performance of wind power technologies, along with
supportive federal and state-level policies
The additions bring the United States’ cumulative
capacity total to 135,886 MW, enough energy to power 39
million American homes per year.
Wind turbines continue to grow in size and power, with
average nameplate capacity of newly installed wind
turbines at 3 MW—up 9% from 2020. In 2011, no turbines
employed blades that were 115 meters in diameter or
larger, but in 2021, 89% of newly installed turbines
featured such rotors. And proposed projects indicate that
total turbine height will continue to rise.
Lower wind turbine pricing has pushed down installed
project costs over the last decade. Wind turbine prices
averaged $800–$950 per kilowatt (kW) in 2021
. The average installed cost of wind projects in 2021 was
$1,500/kW, down more than 40% since the peak in 2010.
Lower installation costs lead to energy produced at a lower
cost, with the average levelized cost of energy for utility-
scale wind power down to $32/MW-hours in 2021.
DISTRIBUTED WIND ENERGY:
Deploying distributed energy resources—technologies
used to generate, store, and manage energy consumption
for nearby energy customers—can help meet
decarbonization and energy equity goals while increasing
power system reliability and resilience. The Wind Energy
Technologies Office’s (WETO) distributed wind research
program is advancing wind energy technology as a
distributed energy resource to contribute maximum
societal, economic, and power system benefits.
The Wind Energy Technologies Office’s (WETO) distributed
wind research program is advancing wind energy technology
as a distributed energy resource to contribute maximum
societal, economic, and power system benefits.
Wind turbines used as a distributed energy resource—
known as distributed wind—are connected at the distribution
level of an electricity delivery system (or in off-grid
applications) to serve on-site energy demand or support
operation of local electricity distribution networks.
Distributed wind installations can range from a less-than-1-
kilowatt off-grid wind turbine powering telecommunications
equipment, to a 15-kilowatt wind turbine at a home or small
farm or a 100-kilowatt wind turbine at a university campus or
industrial facility. Distributed wind can also be several
multimegawatt wind turbines owned by a local community
or the local electricity distribution utility
Individuals, businesses, and communities install distributed
wind energy to offset retail power costs or secure long-term
power cost certainty, support grid operations and local
loads, enhance resilience with backup power, and electrify
remote properties and infrastructure not connected to a
centralized grid.
WETO’s research and development, or R&D, efforts aim to
maximize confidence in turbine performance and safety (by
increasing the number of small and medium wind turbine
designs tested to national performance and safety
standards) and to improve distributed wind energy’s cost
effectiveness (by reducing its levelized cost of energy
[LCOE]). Achieving these goals can lead to increased
consumer adoption and deployment.
WETO’s Multi-Year Program Plan outlines the Office’s
research priorities and plans through the year 2025,
including those for distributed wind.
WETO supports a portfolio of interrelated R&D efforts with
the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) national
laboratories as well as academia and industry stakeholders.
In addition, WETO invests in leading edge, world-class test
facilities and research capabilities at the national
laboratories.
WETO convened laboratory and industry stakeholders
conducting WETO-funded projects to promote
collaboration across the program. The Distributed Wind
Research Program Workshop Report provides reference
material for both current and potential future WETO-funded
distributed wind research projects.
Offshore wind energy:
Offshore wind power or offshore wind energy is
the generation of electricity through wind farms in bodies
of water, usually at sea. There are higher wind speeds
offshore than on land, so offshore farms generate more
electricity per amount of capacity instolled. Offshore wind
farms are also less controversial than those on land, as they
have less impact on people and the landscape.
Unlike the typical use of the term "offshore" in the marine
industry, offshore wind power includes inshore water areas
such as lakes, fjords and sheltered coastal areas as well as
deeper-water areas. Most offshore wind farms employ
fixed-foundation wind turbines in relatively shallow water.
As of 2020, floating wind turbines for deeper waters were in
the early phase of development and deployment.
As of 2020, the total worldwide offshore wind power nameplate
capacity was 35.3 gigawatt (GW). United Kingdom(29%), China (28%)
and Germany (22%) account for more than 75% of the global installed
capacity. The 1.2 GW Hornsea Project One in the United Kingdom was
the world's largest offshore wind farm. Other projects in the planning
stage include Dogger Bank in the United Kingdom at 4.8 GW, and
Greater Changhua in Taiwan at 2.4 GW.
The cost of offshore has historically been higher than that of
onshore, but costs decreased to $78/MWh in 2019. Offshore wind
power in Europe became price-competitive with conventional power
sources in 2017. Offshore wind generation grew at over 30 percent per
year in the 2010s. As of 2020, offshore wind power had become a
significant part of northern Europe power generation, though it
remained less than 1 percent of overall world electricity generation.A
big advantage of offshore wind power compared to onshore wind
power is the higher capacity factor meaning that an installation of
given nameplate capacity will produce more electricity at a site with
more consistent and stronger wind which is usually found offshore
and only at very few specific points onshore.
History of wind energy:
Lamarr revolutionized progress in the telecommunications
field, just as Charles F. Brush, Poul la Cour, Albert Betz and
Palmer Cosslet Putnam made contributions to today's wind
power technology. Concern for the use of clean energy is
currently contributing to the reduction of contamination
levels and the effects of climate change, and technological
progress in wind turbines has helped place wind energy at
the forefront of renewable energies.
The first wind turbine in the history built by Charles F.
Brush.
Wind turbines have currently been installed throughout the
world, both onshore and offshore, thanks to Charles F.
Brush (1849-1929), an American scientist who, in 1887, built
what is said to be the first automatic wind turbine to
generate electricity.
Then, in 1899 the Danish scientist Poul la Cour (1846-1908)
improved the wind turbine when he discovered that building it
with a small number of rotor blades gave better results and
increased the production of electricity. His design is considered
to be the first modern wind generator.
But it is not only technology that is important in the generation
of electricity using turbines; A theoretical foundation is essential
for any invention. In the case of wind power, in 1919 the German
physicist Albert Betz (1885-1968) formulated what is known as
Betz's Law which indicates that a wind turbine can convert a
maximum 59% of kinetic energy into mechanical energy. His
theory is still used as the basis for building wind turbines.
Although the main development of wind power took place in
Denmark where a decentralized model for the country's
electrification was constructed, it was not until 1941 that the
first turbine producing more than 1 MW of power was installed
(specifically 1.25 MW).
The scientist Palmer Cosslet Putnam (1910-1986) was the
precursor for this turbine that was built in Castleton,
Vermont (USA) and worked for about 1,000 hours the
blades failed. 40 years passed before we were to see
turbines with such power.
Siemens Gamesa has offshore turbines producing 10 MW,
with a 193 meter rotor and 94 meter blades, the size of a
football field. The annual production of just one of these
turbines is enough to supply electricity to about 10,000
European homes. To give you an idea of the scope of this
technology, we could say that an offshore wind farm
consisting of 20 of these turbines could meet the annual
demand for electricity of a city the size of Liverpool.
As for onshore technology, Siemens Gamesa has lanched
5.8 MW turbines in two versions with 155- and 170- meter
diameter rotor blades, which have managed to increase the
annual production of energy by 20% and 32% respectively,
compared to the previous model.
The history of wind power continues and will continue to be
written thanks to researchers, scientists and engineers who
work day by day to improve wind energy production and
make sure it reaches a growing number of homes.
Mechanism of Wind Mill:
Wind turbines look like airplane propellers running on the spot—
spinning round but going nowhere. They're serving a very useful
purpose, however. There's energy locked in wind and their giant
rotors can capture some of it and turn it instantly into electricity.
Have you ever stopped to wonder how wind turbines work? Let's
take a closer look!
A turbine, like the ones in a wind farm, is a machine that spins
around in a moving fluid (liquid or gas) and catches some of the
energy passing by. All sorts of machines use turbines, from jet
engines to hydroelectric power plants and from diesel railroad
locomotives to windmills. Even a child's toy windmill is a simple
form of turbine.
The huge rotor blades on the front of a wind turbine are the
"turbine" part. The blades have a special curved shape, similar to
the airfoil wings on a plane. When wind blows past a plane's wings,
it moves them upward with a force we call lift; when it blows past a
turbine's blades, it spins them around instead
The wind loses some of its kinetic energy (energy of
movement) and the turbine gains just as much. As you might
expect, the amount of energy that a turbine makes is
proportional to the area that its rotor blades sweep out; in
other words, the longer the rotor blades, the more energy a
turbine will generate. Obviously, faster winds help too: if the
wind blows twice as quickly, there's potentially eight times
more energy available for a turbine to harvest. That's because
the energy in wind is proportional to the cube of its speed.
Wind varies all the time so the electricity produced by a
single wind turbine varies as well. Linking many wind
turbines together into a large farm, and linking many
wind farms in different areas into a national power grid,
produces a much more steady supply overall.
Key Parts of wind Turbine:
Although we talk about "wind turbines," the turbine is only one of
the parts inside these machines. For most (but not all) turbines,
another key part is a gearbox whose gears convert the relatively
slow rotation of the spinning blades into higher-speed motion—
turning the drive shaft quickly enough to power the electricity
generator.
The generator is an essential part of all turbines and you can
think of it as being a bit like an enormous, scaled-up version of
the dynamo on a bicycle. When you ride a bicycle, the dynamo
touching the back wheel spins around and generates enough
electricity to make a lamp light up. The same thing happens in a
wind turbine, only the "dynamo" generator is driven by the
turbine's rotor blades instead of by a bicycle wheel, and the
"lamp" is a light in someone's home miles away. In practice, wind
turbines use different types of generators that aren't very much
like dynamos at all. (You can read about how they work, more
generally, in our main article about generators.)
How does wind turbine work:
Wind (moving air that contains kinetic energy) blows
toward the turbine's rotor blades.
The rotors spin around, capturing some of the kinetic
energy from the wind, and turning the central drive
shaft that supports them. Although the outer edges of
the rotor blades move very fast, the central axle (drive
shaft) they're connected to turns quite slowly.
In most large modern turbines, the rotor blades can
swivel on the hub at the front so they meet the wind at
the best angle (or "pitch") for harvesting energy. This is
called the pitch control mechanism
On big turbines, small electric motors or hydraulic rams
swivel the blades back and forth under precise electronic
control. On smaller turbines, the pitch control is often
completely mechanical. However, many turbines have fixed
rotors and no pitch control at all.
Inside the nacelle (the main body of the turbine sitting on
top of the tower and behind the blades),
the gearbox converts the low-speed rotation of the drive
shaft (perhaps, 16 revolutions per minute, rpm) into high-
speed (perhaps, 1600 rpm) rotation fast enough to drive the
generator efficiently.
The generator, immediately behind the gearbox, takes
kinetic energy from the spinning drive shaft and turns it into
electrical energy. Running at maximum capacity, a typical
2MW turbine generator will produce 2 million watts of
power at about 700 volts.
Anemometers (automatic speed measuring devices) and
wind vanes on the back of the nacelle provide
measurements of the wind speed and direction.
Using these measurements, the entire top part of the
turbine (the rotors and nacelle) can be rotated by a yaw
motor, mounted between the nacelle and the tower, so it
faces directly into the oncoming wind and captures the
maximum amount of energy. If it's too windy or
turbulent, brakes are applied to stop the rotors from turning
(for safety reasons). The brakes are also applied during
routine maintenance.
The electric current produced by the generator flows
through a cable running down through the inside of the
turbine tower.
A step-up transformer converts the electricity to about 50
times higher voltage so it can be transmitted efficiently to
the power grid (or to nearby buildings or communities). If
the electricity is flowing to the grid, it's converted to an even
higher voltage (130,000 volts or more) by a substation
nearby, which services many turbines.
Homes enjoy clean, green energy: the turbine has produced
no greenhouse gas emissions or pollution as it operates.
Wind carries on blowing past the turbine, but with less
speed and energy (for reasons explained below) and more
turbulence (since the turbine has disrupted its flow).
Thank you
&
Have a Nice day
