CSE310: Programming in Java
Topic: Operators in Java
By
Ravi Kant Sahu
Asst. Professor, LPU
Outlines [Expected Time: 1 Hours]
• Introduction
• Assignment Operator
• Arithmetic Operator
• Relational Operator
• Bitwise Operator
• Conditional Operator
• Type Comparison Operator
• Unary Operator
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Introduction
Operators are special symbols that perform specific
operations on one, two, or three operands, and then
return a result.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Assignment Operator
One of the most common operators is the simple
assignment operator "=".
This operator assigns the value on its right to the
operand on its left.
Example:
int salary = 25000; double speed = 20.5;
This operator can also be used on objects to assign
object references.
Student s = new Student();
Student s2 = s;
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Arithmetic Operators
Java provides operators that perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
Operator Description
Additive operator (also used for String
+ concatenation)
- Subtraction operator
* Multiplication operator
/ Division operator
% Remainder operator
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Compound Assignments
Arithmetic operators are combined with the simple
assignment operator to create compound assignments.
Compound assignment operators are +=, -=, *=, /+,
%=
For example, x+=1; and x=x+1; both increment the
value of x by 1.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Relational Operators
Relational operators determine if one operand is
greater than, less than, equal to, or not equal to
another operand.
It always returns boolean value i.e true or false.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Relational Operators
Operator Description
== equal to
!= not equal to
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Type Comparison Operators
The instanceof operator is used to compare an object
to a specified type i.e. class or interface.
It can be used to test if an object is an instance of a
class or subclass, or an instance of a class that
implements a particular interface.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Example
class Parent{}
class Child extends Parent{}
class TestInstanceOf {
public static void main(String [] rk){
Parent p = new Parent();
Child c = new Child();
[Link](p instanceof Child);
[Link](p instanceof Parent);
[Link](c instanceof Parent); }
}
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Unary Operators
The unary operators require only one operand.
Operator Description
+ Unary plus operator; indicates positive value
- Unary minus operator; negates an expression
++ Increment operator; increments a value by 1
-- Decrement operator; decrements a value by 1
Logical complement operator; inverts the value of a
! boolean
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Boolean Logical Operators
The Boolean logical operators shown here operate only
on boolean operands.
Operator Result
& Logical AND
| Logical OR
^ Logical XOR (exclusive OR)
|| Short-circuit OR
&& Short-circuit AND
! Logical unary NOT
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
?: Ternary if-then-else
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
• The following table shows the effect of each logical
operation:
A B A|B A&B A^B ~A
False False False False False True
True False True False True False
False True True False True True
True True True True False False
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Short-Circuit Logical Operators
• These are secondary versions of the Boolean AND and OR
operators, and are known as short-circuit logical operators.
• OR operator results in true when A is true , no matter what
B is. Similarly, AND operator results in false when A is
false, no matter what B is.
• If we use the || and && forms, rather than the | and & forms
of these operators, Java will not bother to evaluate the right-
hand operand when the outcome of the expression can be
determined by the left operand alone.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
This is very useful when the right-hand operand depends
on the value of the left one in order to function properly.
For example
if (denom != 0 && num / denom > 10)
The following code fragment shows how you can take
advantage of short-circuit logical evaluation to be sure
that a division operation will be valid before evaluating it.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
The ? Operator
• Java includes a special ternary (three-way)operator, ?, that can
replace certain types of if-then-else statements.
• The ? has this general form:
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
• Here,expression1 can be any expression that evaluates to a
boolean value.
• If expression1 is true , then expression2 is evaluated; otherwise,
expression3 is evaluated.
• Both expression2 and expression3 are required to return the same
type, which can’t be void.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
int ratio = denom == 0 ? 0 : num / denom ;
• When Java evaluates this assignment expression, it first looks at
the expression to the left of the question mark.
• If denom equals zero, then the expression between the question
mark and the colon is evaluated and used as the value of the
entire ? expression.
• If denom does not equal zero, then the expression after the colon
is evaluated and used for the value of the entire ? expression.
• The result produced by the? operator is then assigned to ratio.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Bitwise Operators
These operators act upon the individual bits of their
operands.
Can be applied to the integer types, long, int, short, char,
and byte.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Operator Result
~ Bitwise unary NOT
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
>> Shift right
>>> Shift right zero fill
<< Shift left
&= Bitwise AND assignment
|= Bitwise OR assignment
^= Bitwise exclusive OR assignment
>>= Shift right assignment
>>>= Shift right zero fill assignment
<<= Shift left assignment
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Bitwise Logical Operators
• The bitwise logical operators are
• ~ (NOT)
• & (AND)
• | (OR)
• ^ (XOR)
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
The Left Shift Operator
• The left shift operator,<<, shifts all of the bits in a value to
the left a specified number of times.
value << num
• Example:
01000001 65 << 2
00000100 4
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
The Right Shift Operator
• The right shift operator, >>, shifts all of the bits in a value
to the right a specified number of times.
value >> num
• It is also known as signed right shift.
• Example:
00100011 35 >> 2
00001000 8
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
• When we are shifting right, the top (leftmost) bits exposed
by the right shift are filled in with the previous contents of
the top bit.
• This is called sign extension and serves to preserve the
sign of negative numbers when you shift them right.
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
The Unsigned Right Shift
• In these cases, to shift a zero into the high-order bit no matter
what its initial value was. This is known as an unsigned shift.
• To accomplish this, we will use Java’s unsigned, shift-right
operator, >>>, which always shifts zeros into the high-order bit.
• Example:
– 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 –1 in
binary as an int
– >>>24
– 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 255 in
binary as an int
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Operator Precedence
Highest
() [] .
++ -- %
+ -
>> >>> <<
> >= < <=
== !=
&
^
|
&&
||
?:
= Op=
Lowest
Brainstorming 1
What will be the output of the following code snippets?
byte b = 30; [Link](~b);
byte b = -53; [Link](~b);
[Link](34>>3);
[Link](-34>>3);
[Link](-34>>>3);
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Brainstorming 2
int x = 10, y = 5;
while(x- - > 7 || + + y < 8 );
[Link](x);
[Link](y);
A. 95
B. 67
C. 78
D. 48
E. 77
F. N.O.T
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Brainstorming 3
[Link](2>1||4>3?false:true);
class X{}
class Y extends X{}
class Z extends Y{}
X x1 = new Y();
Y y1 = new Z();
Y y2 = new Y();
[Link]( x1 instanceof X);
[Link]( x1 instanceof Z);
[Link]( y1 instanceof Z);
[Link]( y2 instanceof X);
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
Brainstorming 4
[Link](2>1||4>3?false:true);
Ravi Kant Sahu, Asst. Professor @ Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India)
