THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Mrs. Hiyasmin U. Gutierrez, RMT
Instructor
1. A major organ of the
respiratory system where the
gas exchange takes
place and carbon dioxide is
given off and oxygen taken in.
A. kidneys
B. lungs
C. Intestines
D. heart
2. The windpipe is
A. larynx
B. adenoid
C. trachea
D. Nasal cavity
3. Small spaces in the skull
thought to regulate the
temperature and humidity
of the air taken in to the
body.
A. alveoli
B. tonsils
C. sinuses
D. bronchioles
4. Which of these is the job of the
respiratory system?
A. Gas exchange between the
external environment and
the body's circulatory
system.
B. Breaking down food for it to
be used by the body.
C. Holding up the body and
giving it support and shape.
5. These carry air into the
lungs.
A. bronchi and
bronchioles
B. alveoli
C. sinuses
D. pharynx
6. A large muscle that
separates the chest cavity
from the abdominal cavity
and helps with breathing.
A. larynx
B. trachea
C. diaphragm
7. Small air sacs in the lungs
where many capillaries
exchange carbon dioxide for
oxygen taken into the body.
A. bronchi
B. alveoli
C. trachea
D. pharynx
8. The voicebox
A. pharynx
B. trachea
C. larynx
D. bronchi
9. What is the purpose of the
little hairs inside the nose?
A. To fight disease.
B. They serve no purpose.
C. To keep dust out of the
lungs.
D. To tickle the nose and
cause sneezes.
10. What important activity takes
place in the lungs?
A. Food is digested.
B. Liquid waste is filtered from
the blood.
C. Oxygen is exchanged for
carbon dioxide.
D. The trachea is exchanged for
the larynx.
11. What body structure protects
the lungs from outside harm?
A. Cartilage
B. Tiny sacs
C. The rib cage
D. The diaphragm
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
A system, consisting of
tubes and is responsible for the
exchange of gases in humans
by filtering incoming air and
transporting it into the
microscopic alveoli where
gases are exchanged.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: OXYGEN DELIVERY
SYSTEM
The respiratory system is the set of
organs that allows a person to breathe
and exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide throughout the body.
The integrated system of organs
involved in the intake and
exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the body and the
environment and including the
nasal passages, larynx, trachea,
bronchial tubes, and lungs.
The respiratory system performs two
major tasks:
Exchanging air between the body
and the outside environment known
as external respiration.
Bringing oxygen to the cells and
removing carbon dioxide from them
referred to as internal respiration.
1. Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide
2. Filters inspired air
3. Produces sound
4. Contains receptors for smell
5. Helps regulate blood pH
Breathing
Breathing (pulmonary ventilation).
consists of two cyclic phases:
Inhalation, also called inspiration -
draws gases into the lungs.
Exhalation, also called expiration -
forces gases out of the lungs.
The organs of the
“Respiratory Tract”
can be divided into two groups
“STRUCTURALLY”
** The Upper Respiratory Tract ** The Lower Respiratory Tract
* Nose * Larynx
* Nasal cavity * Trachea
* Sinuses * Bronchial
Tree
* Pharynx
* Lungs
Components of the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.2
Upper Respiratory Tract
Functions
Passageway for respiration
Receptors for smell
Filters incoming air to filter larger
foreign material
Moistens and warms incoming air
Resonating chambers for voice
Components of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.3
Lower Respiratory Tract
Functions:
Larynx: maintains an open airway,
routes food and air appropriately,
assists in sound production
Trachea: transports air to and from
lungs
Bronchi: branch into lungs
Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas
exchange
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The organs of the
“Respiratory Tract”
can be divided into two groups
“FUNCTIONALLY”
** The Conducting Portion ** The Respiratory Portion
- system of interconnecting - system where the exchange of
respiratory gases occurs
cavities and tubes that
conduct
* Noseair into the lungs * Respiratory
bronchioles
* Pharynx
* Alveolar
* Larynx Ducts
* Trachea * Alveoli
* Bronchi
Nose
Mouth
Bronchial tubes
Trachea
Lung
Diaphragm
The Respiratory Epithelium
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
I. NOSE
A. N a s a l C a v i t y
B. P a r a n a s a l S i n u s e s
II. PHARYNX
III. L A R Y N X
A. E p I g i o t t i s
B. V o c a l C o r d s
IV. T R A C H E A
v. BRONCHI
A. B r o n c h i a l T r e e
VI. L U N G S
A. L o b e s o f t h e L u n g s
B. P l e u r a l C a v i t i e s
C. A l v e o l i
THE NOSE
Nose
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is
warmed.
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out
foreign bodies.
Nose and Nasal Cavities
Frontal sinus Nasal concha Sphenoid sinus
Middle nasal concha Internal naris
Inferior nasal
concha
Nasopharynx
External naris
Internal nares – opening to pharynx
External nares - opening to exterior
Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous membrane that
increase air turbulence and ensures that most air
contacts the mucous membranes
Provides an airway for respiration
Moistens and warms entering air
Filters and cleans inspired air
Resonating chamber for speech
- detects odors in the air stream
Structure of the Nose
Figure 22.2a
Structure of the Nose
Figure 22.2b
Nasal Cavity
Lies in and posterior to the external nose
Is divided by a midline nasal septum
Opens posteriorly into the nasal pharynx
via internal nares
The ethmoid and sphenoid bones form
the roof
The floor is formed by the hard and soft
palates
Nasal Cavity
Vestibule – nasal cavity superior to
the nares
Vibrissae – hairs that filter coarse
particles from inspired air
Olfactory mucosa
Lines the superior nasal cavity
Contains smell receptors
Nasal Cavity
Figure 22.3b
The Nasal Cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
* Sinuses are air-filled spaces
within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid,
and sphenoid bones of the skull.
* These spaces open to the nasal cavity
and are lined with mucus membrane
that is continuous with that lining the nasal
cavity.
* The sinuses reduce the weight of the skull
and serve as a resonant chamber to affect
the quality of the voice.
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive
systems.
Commonly called the throat.
Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly
near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
Common pathway for both air and food.
Three Sections of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in
the body’s immune defense.
Oropharynx
back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine tonsils
which aid in the body’s immune defense.
Laryngopharynx
bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract divides
into the esophagus and the larynx.
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopha
rynx
Larynx Hyoid Bone Epiglottis
Voice box is a
short, somewhat Thyrohyoid
cylindrical airway Membrane
ends in the
trachea. Thyroid
Cartilage
Prevents
Cricothyro Cricothyro
swallowed id
Ligament
id Muscles
Cricothyroid
materials from Cartilage
entering the lower Trachea
respiratory tract.
Larynx Hyoid Bone Epiglottis
Conducts air
into the Thyrohyoid
Membrane
lower
respiratory Thyroid
Cartilage
tract. Cricothyro Cricothyro
id Muscles
id
Produces Ligament Cricothyroid
Cartilage
sounds. Trachea
Larynx Hyoid Bone Epiglottis
Supported by a Thyrohyoid
framework of nine Membrane
pieces of cartilage
(three individual Thyroid
Cartilage
pieces and three
Cricothyro
cartilage pairs) that Cricothyro
id id Muscles
are held in place by Ligament Cricothyroid
Cartilage
ligaments and Trachea
muscles.
Framework of the Larynx
Figure 22.4a, b
The Epiglottis
* It is a large leaf-shaped piece of cartilage.
* A flap of cartilage that prevents food from
entering the trachea (or windpipe).
•During swallowing, there is elevation of the
larynx
The Vocal Cords
The Vocal Cords
* Inside the larynx, 2 pairs of folds of muscle and
connective tissues covered with mucous
membrane make up the vocal cords.
a. The upper pair is the false vocal cords.
b. The lower pair is the true vocal cords.
c. Changing tension on the vocal cords controls pitch,
while increasing the loudness depends upon
increasing the force of air vibrating the vocal cords.
The Vocal Cords
•During normal breathing,
-the vocal cords are relaxed and the
glottis is a triangular slit.
•During swallowing,
-the false vocal cords and epiglottis
close off the glottis.
Movements of Vocal Cords
Figure 22.5
Trachea
Larynx
A flexible tube alsoTrachea
called windpipe.
Extends through
the mediastinum
and lies anterior to
the esophagus and
inferior to the
larynx. Bronchi
Trachea
Cartilage rings Larynx
reinforce and Trachea
provide rigidity
to the tracheal
wall to ensure
that the trachea
remains open at
all times.
Bronchi
Trachea
At the level of the Larynx
sternal angle, the
Trachea
trachea bifurcates into
two smaller tubes,
called the right and left
primary bronchi.
Each primary bronchus
projects laterally
toward each lung.
Bronchi
THE TRACHEA
• The inner wall of the trachea is
lined with ciliated mucous
membrane with many goblet cells
that serve to trap incoming
particles.
• * The tracheal wall is supported by
20 incomplete cartilaginous rings.
Figure 22.7
THE TRACHEA
BRONCHI
BRONCHI
* The Bronchi are the two main air passages
into the lungs.
•They are composed of the:
• ** “Right Primary Bronchus”
- leading to the right lung.
** “Left Primary Bronchus”
- leading to the left lung.
The Bronchial Tree
The Bronchial Tree
* The bronchial tree consists of
branched tubes leading from
the trachea to the alveoli.
* The bronchial tree begins with
the two primary bronchi, each
leading to a lung.
The Bronchial Tree
* The branches of the bronchial tree
from the trachea are right and left
primary bronchi; these further
subdivide until bronchioles give rise
to alveolar ducts which terminate in
alveoli.
• It is through the thin epithelial cells of
the alveoli that gas exchange between
the blood and air occurs.
THE LUNGS
Lungs
Each lung has a conical
shape. Its wide, concave
base rests upon the
muscular diaphragm.
Its superior region called
the apex projects
superiorly to a point that
is slightly superior and
posterior to the clavicle.
Lungs
Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic
wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly,
and supported by the rib cage.
Toward the midline, the lungs are
separated from each other by the
mediastinum.
The relatively broad, rounded surface in
contact with the thoracic wall is called the
costal surface of the lung.
Lungs
Left lung
divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure
smaller than the right lung
cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung
divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure
located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
Pleura
The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic
wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura.
The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by the visceral
pleura.
while the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the
mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm are lined by
the parietal pleura.
The parietal and visceral pleural layers are continuous at the hilus
of each lung
Pleural Cavities
The potential space between the serous
membrane layers is a pleural cavity.
The pleural membranes produce a thin,
serous pleural fluid that circulates in
the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant,
ensuring minimal friction during
breathing.
Pleural effusion – pleuritis with too
much fluid
Lobes of the Lungs
Lobes of the Lungs
* The right lung has three lobes.
* The left lung has two lobes.
* Each lobe is composed of lobules
that contain air passages, alveoli, nerves,
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
and connective tissues.
Figure 22.8a
Figure 22.8b
The Alveoli
* They are cup-shaped out pouching lined
by epithelium and supported by a thin elastic
basement membrane.
•With that you can imagine having bunch of grapes
with each grape indicating and alveolus.
* Alveolar sacs are 2 or more alveoli that
share a common opening.
•This is where the primary exchange of gases
occur.
Branch of
Pulmonary vein
Branch of
Pulmonary artery
Bronchiole
Terminal
Bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchiole
Capillary beds
Alveoli
Figure 22.9b
Figure 22.9c ,d
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
nose / nasal cavity warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled
pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea
larynx the voice box, where vocal chords are located
tube from pharynx to bronchi
rings of cartilage provide structure, keeps the
trachea (windpipe) windpipe "open"
trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which
filter air before it reaches the lungs
two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to
bronchi
a lung
a network of smaller branches leading from the
bronchioles
bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs
the functional respiratory units in the lung where
alveoli gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) are exchanged
(enter & exit the blood stream)
Malfunctions & Diseases of the
Respiratory System
severe allergic reaction
asthma characterized by the
constriction of bronchioles
inflammation of the lining of
bronchitis
the bronchioles
condition in which the alveoli
emphysema deteriorate, causing the lungs
to lose their elasticity
condition in which the alveoli
become filled with fluid,
pneumonia
preventing the exchange of
gases
irregular & uncontrolled growth
lung cancer
