RAGHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

III B.TECH- I SEMESTER

DESIGN OF MACHINE MEMBERS- II
UNIT-III
Prepared By
G.Venumadhav , M.Tech(PhD)
Assistant Professor
 CONTENTS
• DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE ELEMENTS:
 Motor power capacity for various applications
 Design of Flat belts and pulleys
 Selection of V belts and sheaves
 Selection of wire ropes and pulleys
 Design of Transmission Chains and Sprocket.

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References:
1. Machine Design/V.Bandari/TMH Publishers
2. Machine Design/ NC Pandya & CS Shaw/ Charotar publishers
3. Design data book.
4. Machine Design: An integrated Approach / R.L. Norton /
Pearson Education
5. Mech. Engg. Design / JE Shigley/Tata McGraw Hill education
6. Design of machine elements- spots/Pearson Publications
7. Machine Design-Norton/Pearson Publications

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INTRODUCTION:
 Transmission of power by means of belts, rope drives,
chain drives etc.,
 Belts or ropes are used to transmit power from one
shaft to another by means of pulleys which rotates at
the same speed or may be different speeds
 Power transmission depends upon
 Velocity of Belt
 Tension under which the belts placed on pulleys
 The arc of contact b/n belts & similar pulleys
 Under what condition belts used.

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 belts, rope drives, chain drives also called flexible
drives.,
Classification of drives:
 Rigid drive(non-flexible drive)
 Flexible drive
Rigid drive:
 gear drives are called rigid drives
 Direct contact between the driving and driven shaft
through the gears.
 Rotary motion of the driving shaft is directly converted
in to rotary motion of driven shaft by pinion and gear

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Flexible drive :
 chain drives are called flexible drives
 Intermediate link like bolt rope or chain between the
driving and driven shafts.
 In this link is flexible so called flexible drives.
 Rotary motion of the driving shaft first converted into
translatory of belt and then again converted in to
rotary motion of the driven shaft.

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 Advantages of Flexible drives :
 flexible drives transmit power long distance due to
intermediate link.
 Intermediate link is long, it absorbs shock loads and
vibrations.
 Cost is less for flexible drives.
 Initial maintenance costs are very low
 Very simple to design
Dis-Advantages:
 It occupies more space
 Velocity ratio is relatively small.

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Belt material properties:
 The belt materials should have high coefficient friction
with pulleys.
 It should have high tensile strength to withstand belt
tensions.
 It should have high flexibility.
 Low rigidity in bending in order to avoid bending
stresses while passing over the pulleys.
Belt materials :
 Leather, rubber ,
rubberized fabric and synthetic materials.
canvas

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 Belt drive

Open belt drive crossed belt drive

Rotates same direction Rotates opposite direction

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 Design of Flat belt drives
 Velocity Ratio of a Belt Drives
=
= Speed of the driver pulley in r.p.m
= Speed of the driven pulley in r.p.m
d= Diameter of the driver pulley or smaller pulley in mm,
D= Diameter of the driven pulley or larger pulley in mm,
If thickness of belt considered
=
(frictional grip) If slip of belt considered generally
indicated in %age.
= (1- -)

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 Design of Flat belt drives
 Peripheral velocity of the belt on the pulley
= /60
= /60
 Length of Belt Drive
Length of an Open Belt Drive

 Length of crossed Belt Drive

 Angle of arc of contact

θ =Π-2α
for open belt drive α=

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 Design of Flat belt drives
 Angle of arc of contact
θ =Π+2α
for crossed belt drive α=
 Tension in belts
= Tension in the belt on the tight side
= Tension in the belt on the slack side

 Centrifugal Tension in belts

The centrifugal tension acting tangentially
 Power transmitted by a belt

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 Design of V- belt drives

 Velocity Ratio of a Belt Drives =

= Speed of the driver pulley in r.p.m
= Speed of the driven pulley in r.p.m
d= Diameter of the driver pulley or smaller pulley in mm
D= Diameter of the driven pulley or larger pulley in mm
 Length of Belt Drive
Length of an Open Belt Drive

Length of crossed Belt Drive

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 Design of V- belt drives
=
= Tension in the belt on the tight side
= Tension in the belt on the slack side
=groove angle
=coefficient of friction
=angle of contact
 If centrifugal tension considered = ,;

 Maximum tension in belt

 Power transmitted / belt=

 No of belts required =

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 Chain drives
 Belt and rope drives that slipping may occur. In order to
avoid slipping, steel chains are used.
 The chains are made up of number of rigid links which are
hinged together by pin joints

 Chain drives can be used for long as well as short

distances.

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 Chain drives
Advantages:
 Perfect velocity ratio can be maintained, due to no
slip takes place in chain drive.
 It transmits more power than belts.
 It can be operated under adverse temperature and
atmospheric conditions.
 It may be used for both long as well as short distances.
Disadvantages:
 The production cost of chains is relatively high.
 The chain drive needs accurate mounting and careful
maintenance.

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 Rope Drives
 The rope drives are widely used where a large amount of
power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another,
over a considerable distance It transmits more power than
belts. Types of ropes
 Fibre ropes: The fibre ropes operate successfully when
the pulleys are about 60 metres apart
 Wire ropes: while the wire ropes are used when the pulleys
are up to 150 metres apart

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 Rope Drives
 The rope drives are widely used where a large amount of
power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another,
over a considerable distance It transmits more power than
belts.
Types of ropes
 Fibre ropes: The fibre ropes operate successfully when
the pulleys are about 60 metres apart
 Wire ropes: while the wire ropes are used when the pulleys
are up to 150 metres apart

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 Rope Drives
 The rope drives are widely used where a large amount of
power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another,
over a considerable distance It transmits more power than
belts.
Types of ropes
 Fibre ropes: The fibre ropes operate successfully when
the pulleys are about 60 metres apart
 Wire ropes: while the wire ropes are used when the pulleys
are up to 150 metres apart.
Note: The individual wires are subjected direct tensile stresses due
to raise of load, as well as bending stresses.
 When the wire ropes are passes around the periphery of the
sheave drum ,outer portion of the wire rope increases and inner
region decreases.
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 Design of wire ropes
 Direct stress due to axial load lifted and weight of the rope
W = Load lifted,
w = Weight of the rope
A = Net cross-sectional area of the rope
 Bending stress when the rope winds round the sheave
or drum

Er= Modulus of elasticity of the wire rope,

dw= Diameter of the wire,
D = Diameter of the sheave or drum, and
A = Net cross-sectional area of the rope.

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 Design of wire ropes
 Equivalent bending load on the rope

 n is the total number of wires in the rope section

 Stresses during starting and stopping

a = Acceleration of the rope and load a = v / 60 t
g = Acceleration due to gravity
 Effective stress

 Effective stress in the rope during acceleration of the load

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 Design of Chain sprocket
 A chain and sprocket drive is a type of power transmission
in which a roller chain engages with two or more toothed
wheels or sprockets, used in engines as a drive from
crankshaft to camshaft.
 The sprocket ratio is simply the number of teeth on the
driving sprocket (T1) divided by the number of teeth on
the driven sprocket (T2).
Ex:If the front sprocket on a bicycle has 20 teeth and the rear
sprocket has 100, the sprocket ratio is 20/100 = 1/5 = 1:5 or
simply 5
 Using the sprocket ratio and input velocity from steps 1 and
2 above, the output velocity can be calculated using the
formula V2=V1/(T1/T2) = 50/(1/5) = 250 RPM.
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 Design of Chain sprocket

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 Power screws
 The power screws (also known as translation screws) are
used to convert rotary motion into translatory motion.
 Example: In case of screw jack, a small force applied in the
horizontal plane is used to raise or lower a large load.
 The nut has axial motion against the resisting axial force
while the screw rotates in its bearings.
 Application :used in vices, testing machines, presses, etc.,
Types of Thread Profile Used in Power Screws
Square thread: Application
Screw jack, Mechanical Press,
Clamping Devices and lathe machine.
 It has maximum efficiency
 Strength of square thread is
less as compared with other forms of threads
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 Types of Thread Profile Used in Power Screws
Application: Lead screw of a lathe
Machine
 Easier to cut and are stronger than
square threads due to larger C/s at the root
 The efficiency is lower than that of
square thread due to slope given to the
sides

Application: It is employed as the thread

for light jack screws and vices.
 A buttress thread is used when large
forces act along the screw axis in one
direction only
 It is stronger than other threads

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 Types of Thread Profile Used in Power Screws
Application: Lead screw of a lathe
Machine
 Easier to cut and are stronger than
square threads due to larger C/s at the root
 The efficiency is lower than that of
square thread due to slope given to the
sides

Application: It is employed as the thread

for light jack screws and vices.
 A buttress thread is used when large
forces act along the screw axis in one
direction only
 It is stronger than other threads

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 Design of screw
 Direct compressive stress due to axial load.
W=Load to be raised in N
= core diameter
 Shear stress due to torque

where

α=Helix angle , μ=Tan Φ, Φ=friction angle

d=mean diameter of the screw in mm
 Maximum principle stress =

 Maximum shear stress =

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 Design of nut
 Bearing pressure on nut
n=no of threads in contact
Height of nut h=p X n ,Where p is pitch of threads
= core diameter, =outside diameter

 Shear stress in screw =

 Shear stress in nut =

 Tensile stress =

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 Differential and Compound screws
 Differential screw: it uses a very slow movement of the
screw is required.
 The slow movement of the screw may be obtained by using
a small pitch of the threads.
 it results in weak threads
 Compound screw: When a fast movement is desired

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 Ball screws

Also called a ball bearing screws

Applications: NC Machinery
EDM,boring Machines, milling,
Grinding,robots,elivaters,
aircrafts etc.,

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 Failures in power screws
Failure mode Failure cause Failure effect

Screw bonded to Loss of lubrication Load can not be

nut &Excessive load moved
pressure
Scored screw shaft Misalignment Eventual power
screw failure
Fractured nut Excessive Pressure Failed power screw
&Velocity operation
Worn screw Water Unstable power
threads or Contaminants, screw operation
Damaged thread loading

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1. It is required to select a flat open belt drive for a compressor running at
720 rpm, which is driven by a 25 kW, 1440 rpm motor space is available
for a center distance of 3m. [8M]-April 2016-Set-2
2. It is required to select a V belt drive to connect a 15 kW, 2880 rpm normal
torque A C Motor to a centrifugal pump, running at approximately 2400
rpm, for a service of18 hours per day. The center distance should be
approximately 400mm. assume that the pitch diameter of the driving
pulley is 125mm [8M] April 2016-Set-3
3. Recommend a flat belt drive for driving a centrifugal pump with 10 KW
motor operating continuously at 1750 rpm. The pump speed should be
875 rpm and the centre distance may be from 750 mm to 1000 mm. The
preferable distance may be 900 mm. [16 M] April 2017 –Set-1
4. The following data are given for a V-belt drive: design power = 20 KW ,
diameter of driving pulley = 200mm, speed of smaller pulley = 1120 rpm,
velocity ratio = 3, groove angle=380, centrifugal force = 125 N,
permissible tension in the belt =550 N, coefficient of friction = 0.3,
angle of contact at smaller pulley = 1560, centre distance = 2m.
Determine the number of belts and the life of the belt. The belt is to be
used for 8 hours per day. [16M] April 2017 –Set-2
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Thank you

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