Skeletal System:

Bones & Joints

Presenter:
Jason Billones
Larah Joy Palomo
Grazy Iouray Figueroa
 Learning Objectives:
By the end of this report you will be able to:

1. Identify and describe the functions of the skeletal system.

2. Distinguish between long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones and provide an
example of each.

3. Identify the parts of a typical long bone.

4. Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone, and compare it with that of spongy bone.

5. Explain the process by which bones are formed and how they growth in length and width.

6. Identify all the bones of the appendicular skeleton and axial skeleton
Skeletal System
● The human skeletal system consists of all the bones,
cartilage, joints, and ligaments in the body.

● Skeleton; dried (Greek)

● There are also some differences between the male and

female skeletons. The male skeleton is usually longer and
has a high bone mass. The female skeleton, on the other
hand, has a broader pelvis to accommodate pregnancy
and childbirth.
 FUNCTIONS
(S²PMB)
01. Support
02. Protection
03. Movement
04. Storage
05. Blood Cell Production
 General Features of Bone

Upper and lower limbs. Skull, ribs, sternum.

Short Bones Irregular

Long Bones Flat Bones
Bones

Wrist and ankle. Vertebrae and facial

bones.
 Bones of the Human Body
• The skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
*Compact bone
- Homogeneous
*Spongy bone
-Small needle-like pieces of bone
-Many open spaces
Long bones
• Typically longer than wide
• Have a shaft with heads at both ends
• Contain mostly compact bones
Examples: Upper and lower limbs
Short bones
● Generally cube-shape
● Contain mostly spongy bone

Example: wrist and ankle

 Flat bones
• Thin and flattened
• Usually curved
• Thin layers of compact bone around a
layer of spongy bone
Example: Skull, ribs, sternum
 Irregular
bones
● Irregular shape
● Do not fit into other bone
classification categories
Example: Vertebrae and facial
bones.
 Bone Growth
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during
childhood

• New cartilage is continuously formed

• Older cartilage becomes ossified
• Cartilage is broken down
• Bone replaces cartilage
 

  
 Bone Growth
Bones are remodeled and lengthened until
grows stops

• Bones change shape somewhat

• Bones growth in width
LONG BONE FORMATION AND GROWTH
 BONE
• A break in a bone FRACTURES
• Types of bone fractures
1. Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the
skin
2. Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates
through the skin

• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization

• Realignment of the bone
COMMON TYPES OF
FRACTURES
 REPAIR OF BONE FRACTURES

• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed

• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
callus
• Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent
patch
STAGES IN HEALING OF A BONE FRACTURE
Skeletal System
Is divided in two divisions

AXIAL SKELETON

APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 AXIAL SKELETON

●Forms the longitudinal part of the

body
●Divided into three parts
○ Skull
○ Vertebral column
○ Thoracic Cage
THE AXIAL
SKELETON
 The Skull
• Two sets of bone
• Cranium
• Facial bones

• Bones are joined by sutures

• Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint
The Skull
BONE OF THE SKULL
HUMAN SKULL, SUPERIOR VIEW
HUMAN SKULL, INFERIOR VIEW
PARANASAL SINUSES
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
HYOID BONE
• The only bone that does not articulate with another bone.

• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue.

VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• Vertebrae separated by
intervertebral discs
• The spine has a normal
curvature
• Each vertebrae is given a
name according to its location
STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL
VERTEBRAE
THE BONY THORAX
• Forms a cage to protect major organs
• Made-up of three parts
1. Sternum
2. Ribs
3. Thoracic vertebrae
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
HE PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE
• Composed of two bones:
∙ Clavicle – collarbone
∙ Scapula – shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to have
exceptionally free movement
BONES OF THE SHOULDER
BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB
• The arm is formed by a
single bone
• Humerus
BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
BONES OF THE UPPER
LIMB
• The hand
• Carpals – wrist
• Metacarpals – palm
• Phalanges – fingers
BONES OF THE PELVIC
GIRDLE
• Hip bones
• Composed of three pair of fused bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubic bone
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• Protects several organs
• Reproductive organs
• Urinary bladder
• Part of the large intestine
THE PELVIS
GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE PELVIS
BONES OF THE LOWER
LIMBS
• The thigh has one bone
• Femur – thigh bone
BONES OF THE LOWER
LIMBS
• The leg has two bones
• Tibia
• Fibula
BONES OF THE LOWER
LIMBS
• The foot
• Tarsus – ankle
• Metatarsals – sole
• Phalanges – toes
JOINTS
• Also called an articulation
• Where two bones come together
• Joints can also be classified in
functional categories according to their
degree of motion as:
• Synarthrosis joints - non-movable
• Amphiarthrosis joints – slight
movable
• Diarthoses – freely movable
I. FIBROUS
JOINTS
• Two bones that are united by
fibrous tissue
• Exhibit little or no movement

1. Sutures- between the bones of

the skull.
2. Syndesmores- bones are
separated by some distance and
held together by ligaments.
3. Gomphoses- consists of pegs
fitted into sockets and held in
place by ligaments.
II. CARTILAGINOUS
JOINTS
• Unites two bones by means of
cartilage
• Slight movement can occur
• Epiphyseal plates of growing
long bones
• Cartilage between the ribs and the
sternum
• Fibrocartilage forms joints such
as the intervertebral disks.
III. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• Freely movable joints
• Contains fluid in a cavity
surrounding the ends of
articulating bones
• Articulating cartilage- thin layer that covers the articular surfaces of bones
within the synovial joints.
• Joint cavity- filled with fluid
• Joint capsule- encloses the cavity that helps hold the bones together and
allows for movement
• Synovial membrane- lines the joint cavity everywhere
• Synovial fluid- produced by the synovial membrane; covers the sufaces of
the joint
• Bursa - a pocket or sac that located between structures that rub together
• Bursitis- inflammation of the bursa; often results to abrasion
• Tendon Sheath- extension of synovial membrane along some tendons
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1. PLANE/GLIDING JOINTS - two opposed flat surfaces that
glide over each other
2. SADDLE JOINTS – two saddle shaped articulating surfaces
oriented at right angles. Joint between the metacarpal bone and
the carpal bone of the thumb
3. HINGE JOINTS – permit movement in one plane only
4. PIVOT JOINTS – restrict movement to rotation around a single
axis.
5. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS- consist of a ball (head) at the
end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a
portion of the ball fits
6. ELLIPSOID/CONDYLOID JOINTS – elongated ball and
socket joints.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
1. FLEXION – movement that take place in a frontal/ coronal plane
* PLANTAR FLEXION – when standing on the toes
* DORSIFLEXION – movement of the foot toward the shin
( walking on heels)
2. EXTENSION – movement that takes place in a posterior direction
3. LATERAL FLEXION – movement of the trunk in the coronal
plane
4. ABDUCTION – movement away from the median plane
5. ADDUCTION – movement toward the median plane
6. PRONATION - rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down
7. SUPINATION – rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces up
8. EVERSION – opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces
in a lateral direction
9. INVERSION – movement of the foot so that the sole faces medially
10. ROTATION – movement of a part of the body around its long axis
11. CIRCUMDUCTION - combination in sequence of the flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction
12. PROTRACTION – to move forward
13. RETRACTION – to move backward
14. HYPEREXTENSION - abnormal, forced extension of a joint
beyond its normal range of motion
Diseases of Skeletal
System: Bones &
Joints
 COMMON BONE
1.
DISORDERS
OSTEOPOROSIS
This common disease occurs when
bones become weak due to changes in bone
mineral density and mass, causing a higher
risk for fractures. Osteoporosis is known as
a “silent” disease as there are no obvious
symptoms until a bone actually breaks.
These fractures can occur anywhere, but
typically in the hip, spine, and wrist.
Although anyone can develop this
disease, osteoporosis is more prevalent in
older women. Aside from aging, additional
risk factors include being of small stature,
family history, certain medications, and
having low bone density.
 COMMON BONE
2. DISORDERS
SCOLIOSIS
Is an abnormal curvature of the
spine resulting in an S or C shape. The
disorder often occurs in a child’s
growth spurt before puberty, with
cases usually diagnosed in the first
seven years. In around 80% of
scoliosis cases, no identifiable causes
are found, though it may happen due
to birth defects, neurological
abnormalities, and genetic conditions.
 COMMON BONE
3. DISORDERS
FRACTURE
Is a break in a bone which occurs when it
is put under sudden or very strong pressure or
force. This covers falls, a direct impact on the
body, and sports-related injuries.
“TYPES OF FRACTURES”
1. Closed/Open fractures
2.Incomplete/Complete fractures
 COMMON BONE
4. DISORDERS
PAGET’S DISEASE
Is a chronic disorder that
affects the way that bones break
down and regrow. This results in
excessive breakdown and
regrowth, leading to bones that
are bigger and softer than usual.
Paget’s disease may also cause
bones to grow misshapen and
more prone to fracturing.
INFLAMMATORY CONDITION
ASSOCIATED WITH JOINTS
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a
blow or friction
• Tendinitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of
joints
• Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the United
States
LINICAL FORMS OF ARTHRITIS
• Osteoarthritis
• Most common chronic arthritis
• Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
• Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
• Often leads to deformities
CLINICAL FORMS OF
ARTHRITIS
• Gouty Arthritis
• Inflammation of joints is caused by
a deposition of urate crystals from
the blood
• Can usually be controlled with diet
THANK YOU
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