Lecture Title
Course Code: 0052 Course Title: Computer Organization and
Architecture
Dept. of Computer Science
Faculty of Science and Technology
Lecturer No: 4(b) Week No: 5 Semester:
Lecturer: Name & email
Overview
1. Creating, Assembling and executing assembly language
program.
2. By the end of this lesson we will be able to write simple
but interesting assembly program.
Program Structure
A program Consist of
• Stack
• Data
• Code
Each part occupies memory segments
Program segment is translated into memory segment by assembler.
The size of code and data of a program can be specified by memory model
using .MODEL directive
.MODEL Memory_model
.MODEL SMALL [Code in ONE segment and Data in one segment]
Stack Segment
• Allocate a block of memory (stack area) to store the stack.
• The stack area should be big enough to contain the stack at its
maximum size.
• Declaration:
.STACK size
.STACK 100H
** Allocates 100 bytes for stack area reasonable size for most
applications
** If size is omitted 1KB is allocated for stack area.
Data Segment
Contains all the variable definitions and sometimes Constant
definitions (constant does not take any memory).
To declare data segment .DATA directive is used followed by
variable and constant declaration.
.DATA
WORD1 DW 2
BYTE1 DB 1
MSG DB ‘THIS IS A MESSAGE’
MASK EQU 10010001B
Code Segment
Contains the program’s instructions
Declaration:
.CODE name [name is optional]
There is no need of name in SMALL program
Inside a code segment, instructions are organized as procedures.
name PROC
; body of the procedure
name ENDP
Here name = name of the procedure. PROC and ENDP are pseudo-ops
Program Structure
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
; data definitions here
. CODE
MAIN PROC
;instructions go here
MAIN ENDP
;other procedures go here
END MAIN
*** The last line of the program should be the END directive, followed by the name of main
procedure
Instruction: INT (Appendix C)
INT: Interrupt option stops the continuous progress of an activity or process.
Syntax:
INT interrupt_number
***A particular function is requested by placing a function number in the AH register and invoking INT 21h .
*** INT 21h functions expect input values to be in certain registers and return output values to other
registers
Function Routine Input Output
Number
1 single-key input AH=1 AL = 0 if no input or
ASCII of character
2 single-character output AH=2 DL=ASCII of display char
AL= ASCII of display char
9 character-string output AH=9
The First Program
Task: The program will read a character from the
keyboard and display the same at the beginning of next
line.
Lets start by displaying a question (“?”) mark for the
user input
The Solution
MOV AH,2 ; display character function
.MODEL SMALL MOV DL,0Dh ; carriage return
.STACK 100H INT 21H ; execute carriage return
. CODE MOV DL,0AH ; line feed to display
MAIN PROC
INT 21H ; execute Line feed
; display prompt to the user
; display character
MOV AH,2 ; display character function
MOV DL, BL ; retrieve character
MOV DL,’?’ ; character is ‘?’
INT 21H
INT 21H ; display the DL char (?)
;return to DOS
;input a character
MOV AH,4CH ; terminate the currant process and
MOV AH,1 ; read character function transfer
INT 21H ; character is in AL control to invoking process
MOV BL,AL ; save input to BL reg INT 21H ; termination the execution of
program
;go to new line
return control to DOS
MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
Programming Steps
Editor Create source program
.ASM file
Assembler Assemble source program
.OBJ file
Linker Link Object program
.EXE file
Instruction: LEA
LEA: Load Effective address
LEA destination, source
LEA puts copy of the source offset address into the
destination.
i.e. LEA DX, MSG ; will load address of MSG to DX
Program Segment Prefix (PSP)
• PSP contains information about the program to facilitate the program
access in this area
• DOS places its segment number in both DS and ES before program
execution
• Usually, DS does not contain the segment number of the data segment.
• Thus, a program with data segment will start with these two instruction
MOV AX,@DATA [name of data segment define in .DATA]
MOV DS,AX
Solve the Following
1. Write a program to print HELLO! on the screen
2. Write a program that can convert the user input
character in UPPERCASE like below
ENTER A LOWER CASE LETTER: a
IN UPPERCASE IT IS: A
References
• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC, Ytha Yu
and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-2).
• [Link]
Books
• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC,
Ytha Yu and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-
2).
• Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, (Third
Edition), Linda Null and Julia Lobur
• W. Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for
performance”, 67h Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2003, ISBN 81 –
203 – 2962 – 7
• Computer Organization and Architecture by John P. Haynes.
