AN
ORAL PRESENTATION
ON
GROUND PENETRATING RADAR
METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION
IN GROUND WATER POTENTIAL
EVALUATION
PRESENTED BY :
GROUP FIVE(5)
AGP 509 ENVIRONMENTAL
GEOPHYSICS
GROUP MEMBERS
•ADEOLU ADEGBOYEGA O
•AKELE ELIJAH GBENGA
•BABATUNDE TIMILEHIN ZAINAB
•OCHEI EMMANUEL NNAMDI
•IDOWU CHUKWUDI CHUKWUMA
•MAKANJUOLA ROTIMI DAVID
•OLATUNBOSUN MOSES OLUWATOPE
•OWOJU DAMILOLA BLESSING
•OBAYAGBONA SONIA GOLD
•BABATUNDE FEMI E.
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
• Groundwater potential evaluation is the assessment of the
groundwater producibilty of an area.
• Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and
spaces in the soil, sand and rock as shown in Figure1 below. It
is stored in and moved through geologic formations of soil,
sand and rocks called an AQUIFER (www.groundwater.org)
Figure 1 showing a typical groundwater description
INTRODUCTION
•Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that
uses radar pulses to image the subsurface.
•GPR is used for finding and detecting buried objects
•RADAR : Radio Detection and Ranging
•This nondestructive method uses electromagnetic radiation in
the microwave band (UHF/VHF frequencies) of the radio
spectrum, and detects the reflected signals from subsurface
structures. GPR can have applications in a variety of media,
including rock, soil, ice, fresh water, pavements and structures.
In the right conditions, practitioners can use GPR to detect
subsurface objects, changes in material properties, and voids and
cracks.(Wikipedia.com)
INTRODUCTION
COMPONENTS OF GPR
1. Transmitting and receiving
units
2. Control unit
3. Display unit
4. Power supplies
Figure 2 Showing a GPR instrument
consisting of a transmitter, antenna and a
receiver
THEORY AND PRINCIPLE
• Ground penetrating radar operates by transmitting pulses of
ultra high frequency radio waves (microwave electromagnetic
energy) down into the ground through a transducer (also called
an antenna
• The electromagnetic properties of materials are related to their
composition and water content, both of which exert the main
control over the speed of radiowave propagation and the
attenuation of electromagnetic waves in materials.
• The speed of radiowaves in a material (V ) is given by
m
Vm=c/{(ErUr/2)[(1+P2)+1]}1/2
Where c is the speed of light in free space, E r is the relative
dielectric constant, and ur is the relative magnetic permeability. P
is the loss factor
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
GPR WORKING PRINCIPLE
Figure 3: GPR working principle
FIELD PROCEDURE
• The
two reflection methods used in seismic reflection( common offset and
common midpoint) are also used in GPR (fig. 4)
Figure 4 : common offset and common midpoint field procedures (Annan, 1992)
DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING
• A GPR acquisition crew consists nominally of two persons. One
crew person moves the antenna along the profiles and the other
operates on the receiver and annotates the record so that the
antenna position or midpoints can be recovered.
• GPR uses high frequency radio waves and transmits into the
ground
• When the waves hits the buried objects or a boundary with
different dielectric constants, the receiving antenna records
variations in the reflected return signal
• The depth range of GPR is limited by electrical conductivity of
the ground, the transmitted frequency and the radiated power
• As conductivity increases the penetration depth decreases
DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING
Figure 5: common offset Figure 6: GPR received signal and graphic
single fold profiling profile display .
(Benson, Glaccum, and Noel, 1983)
DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
• GPR interprets the collected data and displays it in the form of
visualizations which can be easily interpreted by the analyst
• The display of data is an integral part of interpretation which is
done accurately by radar in the form of 3D and 2D images
DATA PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
Figure 7: 2D representation of a radar gram
Figure 8: 3D representation of a radar gram
A CASE STUDY
The Application of GPR for
Groundwater Potential
Evaluation in a Granitic Terrain
(Hyderabad city, India)
LOCATION OF STUDY AREA
•The Hyderabad granite terrain is the
northeastern extension of the eastern
Dharwar craton, which is largely compose of
2.7-2.5 GA granites and gneisses with narrow
tracts of meta- volcanic – sedimentary schist
belts (Chadwick et al. 2000; kumar et al.
2004)
• The study area is located about 3km of
Gajularamaram
The area is composed of granites weathered Figure 9 and 10 : Base map of study area and
granites and soil cover. The area is profile sections of the Hyderabad granite
characterized by moderately undulating terrains
topography because of the granite mounds.
•To the west and northwest of the study area
there is a wide inhabited area of forests, soil
cover and agricultural lands, which is
identified as natural recharge zones.
RESULTS
Figure 11 and 12: showing profile 1 and 2
RESULTS
Figure 13 and 14: showing profile 3 and 4
DISCUSSION
• The Radargrams reveal the thickness and internal Structure of
the soils, weathered zones, fresh granite Bedrock, fracture/fault
patterns and groundwater signatures.
• The GPR sections show two layers, a 15 m thick upper layer
and a >15 m thick lower layer. The lower layer is interpreted as
the fresh granite bedrock, while the upper layer as the
weathered granite with a thin soil cover
DISCUSSION
• Near the northeastern end of these profiles, the GPR sections reveal a
10 m wide vertical anomaly zone which is interpreted as vertical
fracture/fault zone
Hyderabad city has many lineaments, characterized by the GPR data
for assessing their groundwater potential.
•Groundwater in the lineaments is an invaluable source of water and it
can be rapidly explored and assessed with the help of the GPR
technique shown in the present study.
CONCLUSION
•The present study establishes GPR as a successful tool
of rapid groundwater exploration in hard rock terrains.
• It has shown the presence of granite bedrock, weathered zone,
soil cover, and the lineament zone. Demarcation of these structures
is essential for the groundwater potential evaluation. The GPR also
indicates that the lineament is saturated with groundwater.
•Therefore, this technique can be widely used to detect new
groundwater resources in hard rock terrains to meet the increasing
demand for water.
RECOMMENDATION
We recommend that the GPR geophysical method be used in
conjunction with the ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUE
In prospecting for groundwater.
