MATRICES & DETERMINANTS

MATRICES
A matrix is an arrangement of elements in rows and columns.  A system of m n numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of m rows, each row consisting of an ordered set of n numbers, is called m x n matrix  A matrix having m rows and n columns is said to be of order m x n . [a11 a12 ..a ..a1n] A = [a21 a22 ..a ..a2n] [ ] [am1 am2 ...amn] ...a


 The horizontal lines are called rows and the vertical lines are
called columns.

TYPES OF MATRICES
 

Row Matrix :A =[a1 a2 a3 an] Column Matrix: A= [a1] [a2] [. ] [. ] [an] Zero or Null Matrix :A= [0 0] [0 0]2 x 2 Square Matrix : Diagonal Matrix: Matrix: . A=[ a [f [p A = [a 0 [0 b [o o b c] g h] q r] 0] o] c]

3 x3

 

Identity Matrix:. Matrix:. A= [1 0] [0 1] Rectangular matrix Triangular matrix

Operations on Matrices
Equality

The corresponding Two matrices are equal if and only if  order of the matrices are the same  The elements of the matrices are the same A=[ 2 3 4] B= [2 3 4] [6 8 2] [6 8 2] Addition
 

Order of the matrices must be the same Add corresponding elements together
A= [7 2] and B= [2 3] [2 4 ] [3 3] A+B= [7+2 2+3] [2+3 4+3] = [9 5] [5 7]

Subtraction
A=[7 9] and B= [2 3] [1 2 ] [3 3] A-B= [7-2 9-3] [79[1[1-3 2-3] 2= [5 6] [-2 -1]

Operations on Matrices
Scalar Multiplication
 

A scalar is a number, not a matrix. Multiply all elements in the matrix by the scalar A = [4 5 6] [6 8 3] 3A= 3 [4 5 6] [6 8 3] = [12 15 18] [18 24 9 ]

Matrix Multiplication
Am Amn Bnp = Cmp Bn Cm  The number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. In the product AB, A is called prefactor and B is called postfactor. Multiplication is possible if the number of rows of postfactor is the same as the number of columns of prefactor
A=[ 2 3] , B=[ 6 7] [ 4 5] [ 8 9] A.B= [2.6 +3.8 2.7+3.9] [4.6+5.8 4.7+5.9]
= [36 41] [64 73]

Tranpose of a Matrix
The matrix obtained from a given matrix A, by interchanging its rows and columns,is called the transpose of A and is generally denoted by A or At. If A = [aij], then A = [a ji] A= |2 4 7| |1 3 5| A = |2 1| |4 3| |7 5|

Rank of a matrix
The rank of a Matrix , is determined by the number of independent rows or columns. Consider matrix A A = [1 2 1 3] [2 4 2 6] [0 0 2 2] [1 2 3 5]

The second column is twice the first column, and fourth column the is sum of the first and the third. The first and the third columns are linearly independent, so the rank of A is two

Determinants
A determinant is an arrangement of numbers in rows and columns in square form. The arrangement of the numbers of a determinant is enclosed within two vertical parallel lines. The determinant of a square matrix A is denoted by A" or | A |. | A | = | 3 -5 8| | 6 -4 -3| | 4 2 0| 3x3

Properties of Determinants
  

  

If each element of a row of determinant is zero, then the value of determinant is zero. Value of a determinant is not changed by interchanging the rows into columns and columns into rows. If two adjacents rows of a determinant are interchanged then the sign of the deteminant is changed but its numerical value is unchanged. If two rows of the determinant are identical, then the value of the determinant is zero. If every element of a row is multiplied by the same constant k, then the value of the determinant is multiplied by the constant k. Value of the determinant of a diagonal matrix is equal to the product of the diagonal elements.

Inverse of a Matrix
Any n-rowed matrix A is said to be invertible if there exits an n rowed matrix B nsuch that AB=BA=I, where I is unit matrix of order n. Also B is called an inverse of A. A(A-1) = I or A-1(A) = I A = | 3 6| | 7 2| |A| = | 3 6| | 7 2| = 6-2 = 4 6Therefore A-1 exists. A =2, A =-7, A =-6, A =3 12 21 11 22 adj A= | A11 A12 | t =| 2 -7| t | A21 A22 | | -6 3| A-1=adjA = -1 | 2 -6 | |A| 36 | -7 3 | = |2 -6| |2 |-7 3|

Cramer's Rule

Cramers rule is used to solve non-homogenous equations simultaneously. nonConsider system of simultaneous linear equations. a1x b1y = c1 a2x b2y = c2 Its solution is given by x=
1

,y=

,z =

Where

= |a1 b1| , |a2 b2|

= |c1 b1| , |c2 b2|

= |a1 c1| |a2 c2 |

should not be equal to zero

Systems of Linear Equations

THANKS