EIE 312

Communication Principles
Professor Francis Idachaba
Department of Electrical and Information
Engineering
 EIE 312 Communication Principles Course Content
Week 1
Principles of Communications:
An elementary account of the types of transmission.
Brief historical development on communications:
telegraph, telephony, radio, satellite, data, optical and mobile communications, facsimile.
Mathematical Model for communication Channels
Week 2-3
Block diagram of a communication system.
The frequency spectrum.
Signals and vectors, orthogonal functions, Fourier series, Fourier integral, signal spectrum, convolution, power and
energy, correlation.
Week 4-5
Reasons for modulation.
Types of modulation.
Amplitude modulation systems: Comparison of AM systems, Methods of generating, and detecting AM, DBS, SSB
signals. Vestigial sideband. Frequency mixing and multiplying, frequency division multiplexing, applications of AM
systems.
Frequency modulation systems: Instantaneous frequency, frequency deviation, modulation index, Bessel coefficients,
significant sideband criteria, bandwidth of a sinusoidally modulated FM signal, power of an FM signal, narrowband FM,
direct and indirect FM generation, various methods of FM demodulation, discriminator, phase-lock loop; limiter, pre-
emphasis and de-emphasis, stereophonic FM broadcasting.
Phase Modulations
Communication Principles:

•Lets Begin…..
Audio (Voice)signals

The message in voice

(audio) transmissions is
characterized
by frequency of
300Hz to 3400Hz
and power content
Modes of Communication
• Simplex. One direction all the time e.g Radio and Television
• Full Duplex. Both direction all the time . e.g phone call
• Half Duplex. One direction at a time but both directions possible. e.g walkie-
talkie
Inverse Square Law
 Components of a communication system

Input Output
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Input Transducer transducer output

Noise
 Elements of a Communication System
Information source
• The information source acts as an interface between the communication
system and the outside world and provides the message signal that is
processed by the transmitter.
There are three main classes ,namely voice (speech/audio source), picture
(image/video source), text or data

Input Output
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Transducer transducer

Noise
 Elements of a Communication System
Input Transducer
• It converts the output of the information source into an electrical signal that is
suitable for transmission.
For instance, a microphone serves as the transducer that converts an acoustic
speech(sound) signal into an electrical signal, a video camera converts an image
into an electrical signal.
Input Output
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Transducer transducer

Transmitter Noise
• It converts the electrical signal into a form that is suitable for transmission
through the physical channel or transmission medium
 Communication Channels and their Characteristics
Transmission Channel
• This is the physical medium that bridges the distance from transmitter to the
receiver. It carries the information from the source to the destination

CATEGORIES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA

• Guided or wired transmission media
• Unguided or wireless transmission media
• Guided media provide a physical path along which the signals are propagated;
these include twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. These are physical
mediums that can be used to transmit data from one point to another.
• Unguided media employ an antenna for transmitting through air, vacuum,or
water.
 Communication Channels and their Characteristics
TWISTED PAIR CABLE
• Twisted pair cable: Twisted pair cable consists of two strands of insulated
copper wire, twisted around each other to reduce interference from
electrical fields. Example the telephone line is a twisted-pair cable.
• The least expensive and most widely used guided transmission medium is
twisted pair and it is in the form of Unshielded and Shielded Twisted Pair

Input Output
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Transducer transducer

Noise
 Communication Channels and their Characteristics
• COAXIAL CABLE
• Physical Description Coaxial cable, like twisted pair, consists of two conductors,
but is constructed differently to permit it to operate over a wider range of
frequencies.
• It consists of a hollow outer cylindrical conductor that surrounds a single inner
wire conductor. The inner conductor is held in place by either regularly spaced
insulating rings or a solid dielectric material.
• The outer conductor is covered with a jacket or shield
 Communication Channels and their Characteristics
• Optical Fiber
• An optical fiber is a thin (2 to 125 mm),flexible medium capable of
guiding an optical ray. Various glasses and plastics can be used to make
optical fibers.
• An optical fiber cable has a cylindrical shape and consists of three
concentric sections: the core, the cladding, and the jacket .
 Communication Channels and their Characteristics
Unguided/Wireless/Non Cable methods communication channels:
• These are channels that can be used to transmit data through free space.
• Example satellite, microwave, infrared, and Bluetooth.
• Free Space: When free space is the medium, the resulting system is known as
“radio”. Radio is the broad general term applied to any form of wireless
communication from one point to another.

• Communications satellites: Communication satellites are microwave relay

stations in the orbit around the earth. Transmitting a signal from a ground station
to a satellite is called up-linking; the reverse is called downlinking.
 Communication Channels and their Characteristics
Unguided/Wireless/Non Cable methods communication channels:
• Microwave: is a line-of-sight wireless communication technology that uses high
frequency beams of radio waves to provide high speed wireless connections that
can send and receive voice, video, and data information.
• Microwave links are widely used for point-to-point communications because their
small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow
beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna.
• Microwave Frequency Bands
Microwave signals are often divided into three categories:
ultra high frequency (UHF) (0.3-3 GHz);
super high frequency (SHF) (3-30 GHz); and
extremely high frequency (EHF) (30-300 GHz).