FUNDAMENTALS OF Ship

construction
 Introduction
• Naval architecture also known as Naval engineering is
an engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction,
maintenance and operation of marine vessels and
structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied
research, design, development, design evaluation and
calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle.
• Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed
design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance,
launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved.
• Ship design calculations are also required for ships
being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding,
modernization, or repair). Naval architecture also involves
formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules and
the approval and certification of ship designs to
meet statutory and non-statutory requirements.
 Merchant Ships
• A Merchant vessel is a ship transports cargo or passengers.
The closely related term commercial vessel is defined by
the United States Coast Guard as any vessel (i.e. boat or ship)
engaged in commercial trade or that carries passengers.
• They are of different sizes based on the requirements of
Owner.
• Most countries of the world operate fleets of merchant ships.
However, due to the high costs of operations, today these
fleets are in many cases sailing under the flags of nations that
specialize in providing manpower and services at favourable
terms. Such flags are known as "flags of convenience".
GEOMETRY OF SHIP
 Definitions and terminologies
• Summer load waterline or design waterline: The line that runs along the
waterplanes, from aft to the fore of the ship is known as summer load
waterline. It is the line at which the ship is generally floating with its load.
• Fore perpendicular: It is the vertical line passing through the point of
intersection of the summer load line with forward side of the stem.
• Aft perpendicular: It is the line perpendicular to the waterplane and passing
through the centerline of the rudder pintles.
• Length between perpendiculars (lbp): The distance measured along the
summer load water plane from fore to aft perpendicular is known as length
between perpendiculars.
• Length overall (loa): It is the distance measured parallel to the summer load
waterline between the extreme points at the forward and the aft. The extreme
point at the forward can be taken on the bulbous bow.
• Length on the waterline (lwl): It is the distance measured between the
intersections points of the bow and the after end with the summer load
waterline. In case it is not mentioned, the length of the summer load waterline
is taken into consideration as the length of the waterline.
• Midship or amid ship : The midpoint between the aft and the forward
perpendicular is known as midship or amid ship. The section passing
through this point and which is normal to the waterplane is called midship
section. The term ‘beam’ is quoted at amid ship. The breath extreme is
measured at amid ship. It is also known as moulded breadth line.
• Depth: The depth of the ship varies along the length. But the depth of the
ship is taken as the distance between the undersides of the deck amid ship
to the bottom of the keel. You might not get an exact value of depth as the
hull is symmetrical and the depth varies thorough out the ship. For
example, the depth is greater at stern than at midship.
• Width or beam or extreme breadth: The width of the ship is also known
as the extreme breadth. It is generally measured at the amid ship. It is the
greatest distance between the two sides of the ship at the greatest width.
• Sheer: It is measured as the rise of the deck towards the stem or stern. It
is the height of the deck at the side above the deck at sides amidships.
• Camber or round of beam: It can be defined as the side of the deck going
from side to the centre of the ship.
• Rise of floor or dead rise: At the amidships region, the bottom of the ship is
extended out to intersect the moulded breadth line. The rise or the height of
this intersection above the keel is known as rise of floor or dead rise.
• Tumble home: If the sides of the ship at the amidships is not vertical and if
the upper deck beam is less than the waterline, it is said to have tumble
home.
• Draught: It is the distance between the keel and the waterline at any point
along the length of the ship. Moulded draughtis measured from the inside of
the keel plating.
• Trim: The difference between the draughts at forward and aft is known as
the trim. Trim is mentioned as by the bow or by the stern depending upon
which one is greater.
• Freeboard: It is essential in determining the stability of the ship. It is the
difference between the depth at side and the draught, i.e. it is the height of
the deck above the waterline. Freeboard is generally less at amidships than
at bow and stern.
TRANSOM
 Hull form
Orthographic planes
With coordinate points
•Y-Z: Stations
•X-Z: Buttocks
•X-W: Waterplanes
 Ships Important Features
• Hull
• Propulsion System
• Steering System
• Holds, Compartments & Superstructure
• Equipment
1.Hull
• For a ship to float, its weight must be less than that of the water
displaced by the ship's hull.
• A vessel may have a single hull (called a monohull design), two in the
case of catamarans, or three in the case of trimarans.
• Vessels with more than three hulls are rare, but some experiments have
been conducted with designs such as pentamarans. Multiple hulls are
generally parallel to each other and connected by rigid arms.
• Common hull appendages include propellers for
propulsion, rudders for steering, and stabilizers to quell a ship's rolling
motion. 
• Hulls are subject to various hydrostatic and hydrodynamic constraints.
The key hydrostatic constraint is that it must be able to support the
entire weight of the boat, and maintain stability even with often
unevenly distributed weight. Hydrodynamic constraints include the
ability to withstand shock waves, weather collisions and groundings.
2. Propulsion and Steering System
• Propulsion systems for ships fall into three categories: human
propulsion, sailing, and mechanical propulsion.
• Mechanical propulsion systems generally consist of a motor or engine
turning a propeller.
• Steam engines were first used for this purpose, but have mostly been
replaced by two-stroke or four-stroke diesel engines, outboard motors,
and gas turbine engines on faster ships. Nuclear reactors producing
steam are used to propel warships and icebreakers, and there have
been attempts to utilize them to power commercial vessels.
• Most vessels have a single propeller, but some large vessels may have
up to four propellers supplemented with transverse thrusters for
manoeuvring at ports. The propeller is connected to the main engine
via a propeller shaft and, in case of medium- and high-speed engines,
a reduction gearbox.
4.Holds, compartments, and the
superstructure
• Larger boats and ships generally have multiple decks and
compartments. 
• Most larger vessels have an engine room, a galley, and various
compartments for work. 
• Tanks are used to store fuel, engine oil, and fresh water. Ballast
tanks are equipped to change a ship's trim and modify its stability.
• Superstructures are found above the main deck. On modern cargo
ships, they are almost always located near the ship's stern. On
passenger ships and warships, the superstructure generally extends
far forward.
5. Equipment
• Shipboard equipment varies from ship to ship depending on such
factors as the ship's design, area of operation, and purpose. Some
types of equipment that are widely found include:
• Masts can be the home of antennas, navigation lights, radar
transponders, fog signals, and similar devices often required by law.
• Ground tackle includes equipment such as mooring winches,
windlasses, and anchors. Anchors are used to moor ships in shallow
water. They are connected to the ship by a rope or chain. On larger
vessels, the chain runs through a hawsepipe.
• Cargo equipment such as cranes are used to load and unload cargo
and ship's stores.
• Safety equipment such as lifeboats and survival suits are carried
aboard many vessels for emergency use.