DENTIN
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Physical properties
Dentin forms the bulk of the tooth.
Is the first formed amongst the dental hard tissues.
Formation begins in the late bell stage.
Formed by odontoblast cells.
Dentin is yellow in color.
It is elastic in nature.
firmly bound to enamel at DEJ and to cementum at
CEJ.
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COMPOSITION
Mature dentin
by weight
70% inorganic
20% organic
10%water
By volume
45% inorganic
33% organic
22% water
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Inorganic
• hydroxyapatite crystals
Organic
• type 1 collagen
• traces of type3 and type5
• Traces of lipids and non collagenous matrix proteins
• Fractional inclusion of glycoproteins, proteoglycan and
phosphoproteins.
• Non collagenous matrix proteins comprise of
phosphoproteins, sialoproteins, dentin matrix proteins1,
osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteopoitin Proteoglycans and
some serum proteins.
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BASIC ANATOMY
Dentin is characterized by the presence of multiple
closely packed dentinal tubules that traverse its entire
thickness and contain the cytoplasmic extensions of
odontoblasts that once formed dentin and now
maintain it
The cell bodies of odontoblasts are aligned along the
inner aspect of dentin, along the pulp
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TYPES OF DENTIN
DENTIN CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
1)PRIMARY DENTIN
2)SECONDARY DENTIN
3)TERTIARY DENTIN
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PRIMARY DENTIN
It is further divided into
1)MANTLE DENTIN
2)CIRCUMPULPAL
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MANTLE DENTIN
Is the first formed dentin
in the crown underlies DEJ
is about 150 μm wide
fibrils formed in this zone are perpendicular to the
DEJ and organic matrix composed of larger collagen
fibrils
Has fewer defects compared to circumpulpal dentin
CIRCUMPULPAL
Outlines the pulp chamber
Slightly more (4%) mineralized than mantle dentin.
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SECONDARY DENTIN
• It’s a narrow band of dentin bordering the pulp
• This forms after root formation is complete
• Previously, it was believed that secondary dentin forms
in response to functional stimuli, but it is now
established it is a slow continous deposition of dentin
• Contains fewer tubules than primary dentin
• It is formed more slowly than primary dentin
• It is not formed uniformly
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Incremental pattern and tubular structure similar to
primary dentin
It has the same organic and inorganic ratio
Greater deposition on the roof and floor of the pulp
chamber.
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TERTIARY DENTIN
• Reactive, Reparative, Irregular dentin.
• Produced in reaction to various stimuli
• Produced at cells directly affected by stimulus
• Quality and quantity depends on intensity and duration of
stimulus
• Tubules may or may not be present
• Cells may be included in dentin referred to as osteodentin
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Predentin
Layer of variable thickness - 100-47 μm.
Lines the innermost portion of dentin, adjacent to the
pulp tissue .
Unmineralized dentin matrix
Consists of collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Similar to osteoid in bone.
Predentin is thickest where active dentinogenensis is
occurring.
Presence is important in maintaining the integrity of
dentin.
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RECENT CLASSIFICATION
1)Reactionary dentin
deposited by preexisting odontoblasts
2)Reparative dentin
deposited by newly differentiated odontoblasts
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DENTINOGENESIS
VITAL FEATURES REQUIRED FOR DENTINOGENISIS
Odontoblast Differentiation
Matrix Formation
Good Vascular Supply
Mineralization
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ODONTOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION
Differentiation of odontoblast brought about by
signalling molecules and growth factors in the cells of
IEE.
At this time dental papilla cells are small and
undifferentiated exhibiting central nucleus and few
organelles
Acellular zone is present in between
cells adjoining the acellular zone enlarge and elongate
first to form preodontoblast and later odontoblast
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Acellular zone is gradually oblitrated as odontoblast
gradually increase in size after differentiating to
occupy this zone
These newly differentiated cells are characterized by
being highly polarized, with their nuclei positioned
away from inner enamel epithelium
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Organic matrix formation and mineralization
Organic matrix formation is as follows
The first sign of dentin formation is the appearance of
distinct, large diameter collagen fibrils called Von
Korffs fibers
Von Korffs fibers consist of collagen type3, they
originate deep among the odontoblasts, extends
towards IEE and fan out among the ground substance
immediately below the epithelium.
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As the odontoblasts continue to increase in size, they
also produce smaller collagen type1 fibers that orient
themselves parallel to the future DEJ.
In this way a layer of mantle dentin is formed.
Immediately after deposition of collagen, the
odontoblasts adjacent to the IEE extends stubby
processes into the forming extracellular matrix.
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As the odontoblasts secrete matrix they increase
in size till the extracellular compartment between
them is obliterated.
As the odontoblasts forms these stubby processes,
the odontoblasts bud off small membrane bound
vesicles called as matrix vesicles.
They come to lie superficially near basement
membrane.
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The odontoblasts then develops a cell process, the
odontoblast process or tomes fiber, which is left behind
in the forming dentin matrix as the odontoblasts move
towards the pulp.
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Mineralization
Mineral phase appears first within the matrix vesicles
as single crystals believed to be seeded by
phospholipids present in the vesicle membrane
Matrix vesicles contain calcium and phosphate ions,
alkaline phosphatase leading to formation of
hydroxyapatite crystals.
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Crystals grow and rupture from the confines of vesicle
and spread as a cluster of crystallites, these fuse with
adjacent clusters and form mineralized matrix.
Deposition of mineral lags behind matrix formation so
that a layer of organic matrix is always found between
odontoblasts and mineralization front called as
predentin.
Following mineral seeding, non collagenous matrix
proteins come into play, in this way coronal mantle
dentin is formed
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Formation of circumpulpal dentin
After obliteration of extracellular compartment
Organic matrix formed exclusively by
odontoblasts
Collagen formed is smaller and aligned at right
angles to odontoblastic processes
Von korffs fibers absent
Matrix vesicles no longer generated
Addition of phosphoporyn unique to
circumpulpal dentin
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MINERALIZATION PATTERN
Histologically 2 patterns seen
1. Globular calcification
2. Linear calcification
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Globular calcification
Deposition of crystals in discrete areas of matrix by
heterogeneous capture in collagen, which enlarge and
eventually fuse to form single calcified mass.
Example as in mantle dentin formation
Linear calcification
Size of globules depends on deposition of dentin,
largest globules forming - dentin deposition is fastest
Example-circumpulpal dentin
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VASCULAR SUPPLY
Good supply - imp during secretory phase
Beginning of mantle dentin formation - capillaries are
seen in subodontoblastic area
Circumpulpal dentin formation - capillaries migrate
between odontoblasts and endothelium fenestrates.
After dentinogenisis is completed - capillaries retreat
and endothelial lining becomes continuous.
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PREDENTIN
Is located adjacent to the pulp tissue .
Is a layer of variable thickness ranging from 10-47
micrometre wide
Its unmineralised containing collagen and ground
substance
Its thick in areas of active dentinogenesis
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Histology of Predentin
Microscopically, several structures seen like-
dentinal tubules,
intratubular dentin,
intertubular dentin and
interglobular dentin
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DENTINAL TUBULES
Extend throughout the thickness of dentin
They follow a S shaped path.
Configuration indicates the course taken by
odontoblasts
This is less pronounced in root dentin, cervical 1/3rd
and cusp tips.
These are called primary curvatures resulting from
crowding of odontoblasts as they move towards the
pulp
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Smaller oscillations within primary curvatures are
called secondary curvatures.
Tubules taper as they move from pulpal surface
towards DEJ.
They are 2.5 µm in diameter at pulpal border
1.2 µm at midportion
900 nm at tip
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Their number ranges from 59000-76000/sqmm near
the pulp.
Its half the number near enamel.
Dentinal tubules have a anastomosing canalicular
system, mostly present at terminal portion and root
dentin.
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INTRATUBULAR DENTIN
It’s a hypermineralized ring of dentin within the dentinal tubule
40% more mineralized than intertubular dentin
Readily demonstrated in cross sections-ground and soft x-ray
analysis
Originally called as peritubular dentin
44nm at pulpal end
750nm at DEJ.
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SCLEROTIC DENTIN
Dentinal tubules occluded by calcified material
Dentin becomes glassy and translucent
It increases with age and is common in apical 3rd of the
tooth
Occlusion of tubules begin at 18 years of age without
any identifiable age
Reduces the permeability of dentin and may help in
protecting pulp
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INTERTUBULAR DENTIN
Dentin in between the tubules is called intertubular
dentin
Represents primary secretion of odontoblasts and
consists of tightly interwoven network of type1
collagen and hydroxyappatite crystals
Crystals are parallel to the fibers.
Fibers are arranged at right angles to the tubules
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INTERGLOBULAR DENTIN
Areas of unmineralized or hypomineralized areas
Globular zones of mineralization fails to fuse with
mature dentin
Mostly seen in circumpulpal dentin, just below mantle
dentin
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Defect seen in mineralization not matrix formation, so
tubules are normal
No intatubular dentin is seen in these areas
Is seen more in Vit - D deficiency and flourosis
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INCREMENTAL GROWTH LINES
Dentinogenesis is characterized by period of activity
and quiescence, this is represented by incemental
growth lines.
These lines run at right angles to tubules
4 µm/day
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Incremental lines of von Ebner
The 5 day rhythmic pattern, represented by lines are
called.
Contour lines of Owen
Initially believed to be coincidence of secondary
curvatures
But now believed to be caused by deficiencies of
mineralization.
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TOMES GRANULAR LAYER
Its found near dentinocemental junction
Its seen to progressively increase from CEJ to the apex
of the tooth
This we observe because sections are made through
the looped terminal portions of dentinal tubules seen
in root dentin
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DENTINOENAMEL JUNCTION
Its found in the form of series of scallops
SEM reveals it to be a series of ridges which increases
the adherence between dentin and enamel
More pronounced in coronal dentin where occlusal
stress is more.
Shape and nature prevents shearing of enamel
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DENTINOCEMENTAL JUNCTION
Its peripheral to the granular layer of tomes
It’s a thin structureless layer
No scalloping seen
The junction is relatively straight
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DENTIN SENSITIVITY
It’s a most unusual feature of pulp-dentin complex
Among numerous stimuli that can evoke a painful
response are
cold air or water
mechanical contact by probe or bur
by dehydration
3 HYPOTHESIS
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1) DIRECT INNERVATION THEORY
It says the dentin contains nerve endings that
respond when stimulated
DRAW BACKS
Although the nerves in odontoblasts control the
activity of odontoblasts, they usually do not monitor
change in environment.
Although some nerves within some tubules may cause
sensitivity but it does not solely depend on
stimulation of nerve endings.
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2) HYDRODYNAMIC THEORY
The tubular nature of dentin permits fluid
movement to occur within the tubule when a
stimulus is applied, the movement is registered
by free nerve endings.
This movement distorts local pulpal environment and
is sensed by nerve endings in plexus of Raschow.
when dentin is cut this fluid escapes which causes
pain.
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3) MECHANORECEPTOR THEORY
The odontoblasts serve as receptors and are
coupled to nerves in the pulp.
This mechanism states that odontoblasts as a receptor
cell is of neural crest origin which retains an ability to
transduce and propagate an impulse.
DRAW BACKS
But lack of synaptic response and low membrane
potential are against this theory.
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Age changes
Decrease in the volume of the pulp chamber and root
canal.
Continued deposition of intratubular dentin –
sclerotic dentin.
Dead tracts.
