ART INTEGRATED PROJECT WORK
NAME :- AMIT RAZ NAYAK
CLASS :- XI – SCIENCE
SUBJECT :- CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that “ Amit Raz Nayak ”of class 11-'A’ has
successfully completed the project work under the supervision of “Mr
Alok Pandey”.It is further certified that this project is individual work
of the candidate .
Signature of subject teacher:-
Date:- 12/10/2021
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher ( Mr Alok Pandey ) as well as our
principal ( Mr Ajay Kumar Sahoo ) who gave me a
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic based on Solubility of salts, which also helped me
doing a lots of research and I came to know about so
many new things and I am really thankful to them .
Solid Solubility and Temperature
The solubility of a given solute in a given
solvent typically depends on temperature.
Many salts show a large increase in
solubility with temperature. Some solutes
exhibit solubility that is fairly independent of
temperature. A few, such as cerium(III)
sulfate, become less soluble in water as
temperature increases. This temperature
dependence is sometimes referred to as
retrograde or inverse solubility, and exists
when a salt’s dissolution is exothermic; this
can be explained because, according to Le
Chatelier’s principle, extra heat will cause
the equilibrium for an exothermic process to
shift towards the reactants.
EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
The heat of solution can be regarded as the sum of the enthalpy changes of three
intermediate steps:
1.The breaking of bonds within the solute, such as the electrostatic attraction between two
ions (endothermic)
2.The breaking of intermolecular attractive forces within the solvent, such as hydrogen
bonds (endothermic)
3.The formation of new attractive solute-solvent bonds in solution (exothermic)
The value of the overall heat of solution, ΔH∘solΔHsol∘, is the sum of these individual
steps. Depending on the relative signs and magnitudes of each step, the overall heat of
solution can be either positive or negative, and therefore either endothermic or
exothermic. This depends entirely on if more energy was used to break the solute-solute
and solvent-solvent bonds, or if more energy was released when solute-solvent bonds
were formed.
If more energy is released in making bonds than is used in breaking bonds, the overall
process is exothermic, and ∆Hsol is negative. If more energy is used in breaking bonds
than is released upon solute-solvent bond formation, then the overall process is
endothermic, and ∆H is positive.
Examples
Dissolution of sodium chloride (table salt) in water is
endothermic. This is because the amount of energy used to break
apart the hydrogen bonding interactions between water
molecules, as well as the energy used to break apart the
electrostatic attractions between sodium and chloride ions, is
greater than the amount of energy released when new solute-
solvent attractions are formed between water molecules and
aqueous ions in solution.
Dissolving potassium hydroxide is exothermic. This is because
more energy is released upon formation of solute-solvent bonds
than was required to break apart the hydrogen bonds in water, as
well as the ionic bonds in KOH.
Dissolution of NaCl in waterDissolution of sodium chloride
in water is endothermic. Solute-solvent attractive bond
formation (the exothermic step in the process of
solvation) is indicated by dashed lines.
Volatility of a Liquid
With sufficient kinetic energy, most liquids can become gases through the process of
vaporization. Whether or not a liquid will vaporize depends upon the chemical properties of
the liquid. Volatile liquids, including ethanol, vaporize with relative ease. Scientists
commonly use the boiling point of a liquid as the measure of volatility.
Volatile liquids have low boiling points.
A liquid with a low boiling point will begin to boil faster than liquids with higher boiling
points.
Much less energy (in the form of heat) is required to break the intermolecular bonds of a
volatile liquid than those of liquids having higher boiling points.
Once enough energy is supplied to break apart the bonds between molecules, the
molecules are free to expand and escape the liquid surface in the form of a gas.
Chemical Bonds contribute to volatility
The major attractive forces between molecules in a liquid are called hydrogen bonds. Less
hydrogen bonding is expected between molecules of a volatile liquid compared with other
less volatile liquids. With fewer hydrogen bonds holding volatile compounds in the liquid
state, only minimal energy is required to break the bonds and allow the molecules to drift
apart and escape from the surface of the liquid as a gas.
The transition of a liquid to a gas is called
vaporization. The reverse reaction, converting a
gas to a liquid is called condensation.
In a partially filled container, liquid particles will
escape the surface and vaporize the air above
the liquid.
As gas concentrations accumulate in the air, the
distance separating individual molecules
decreases until Van der Waals and hydrogen
bonds can drive clusters of molecules back into
liquid form (condensation).
Eventually, vaporization and condensation
reach a state of equilibrium-no particles are
lost, instead the gas phase is constantly being
recycled into the liquid phase (think about a
simmering pot of water with a lid on).
Boiling Point Elevation
Water boils at 100oC100oC at 1atm1atm of pressure, but a
solution of saltwater does not . When table salt is added to water,
the resulting solution has a higher boiling point than the water did
by itself. The ions form an attraction with the solvent particles
that prevents the water molecules from going into the gas phase.
Therefore, the saltwater solution will not boil at 100oC100oC. In
order for the saltwater solution to boil, the temperature must be
raised about 100oC100oC. This is true for any solute added to a
solvent; the boiling point will be higher than the boiling point of
the pure solvent (without the solute). In other words, when
anything is dissolved in water, the solution will boil at a higher
temperature than pure water would.
The boiling point elevation due to the presence of a solute is also
a colligative property. That is, the amount of change in the boiling
point is related to the number of particles of solute in a solution
and is not related to the chemical composition of the solute.
A 0.20m0.20m solution of table salt and a 0.20m0.20m solution of
hydrochloric acid would have the same effect on the boiling point.
