B R EN Y L D O N I N G A BI LLA

D E C E M B E R 2 0 2 1 C R I M I N O L O G I S T L I C E N S U R E E X A M I N AT I O N
TOP 1

\
Droga
The term drug derives from the 14th century French word
DROGUE,which means a dry substance,

then derived later into DROGE-VATE from Dutch word meaning

dry barrels.

Toxicology- branch of science which deals with the study of poisons,

their effects and antidotes.

Mathieu Orfila- Father of Toxicology

-Marsh Test
TERMINOLOGIES:
•Drug – are synthetic chemicals used as medicine or in the making of medicines,
which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse.

•ADMINISTER. The act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any
person with or without his knowledge

•Use - Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either

by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise
introducing into the physiological system of the body, and of the dangerous drugs
 Drug Abuse – is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.
 Drug Addiction –refers to the state of periodic or chronic intoxication
produced by the repeated consumption of a drug.
 Drug Dependence – refers to the state of psychic or physical dependence or
both on dangerous drugs following the administration or use of that drug.
-WHO defines it as the periodic, continuous, repeated administration of a
drug.
-a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable
intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high priority thereby
involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of compulsion to take the
substance and the difficulties in controlling substance-taking behavior in terms of
its onset, termination, or levels of use.
 Physical Dependence – an adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that
reveals it self by development of intense physical symptoms when the drug
is stopped (withdrawal syndrome).

 Psychological Dependence – an attachment to drug use that arises from a

drug ability to satisfy some emotional or personality needs of an individual.

 Tolerance – is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect in

the body.
Pusher – any person who sell, administer, deliver or give away to another,
distribute, transport any dangerous drug.

Dispense. – Any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine or any

dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription

Sell. – Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical whether for money or any other consideration.

Deliver. – Any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to another,

personally or otherwise, and by any means, with or without consideration.
Manufacture. – The production, preparation, compounding or processing of
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, either
directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin; shall
include any packaging or repackaging of such substances, design or
configuration of its form, or labeling or relabeling of its container

Trading. – Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or

controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as,
but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios,
internet, instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of
such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in violation of
this Act.
Chemical Diversion. – The sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately
imported, in-transit, manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated form, to any person or entity
engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug

Controlled Delivery. – The investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or

suspect consignment of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical, equipment or paraphernalia, or property believed to be derived
directly or indirectly from any offense, to pass into, through or out of the country
under the supervision of an authorized officer, with a view to gathering evidence to
identify any person involved in any dangerous drugs related offense, or to facilitate
prosecution of that offense.
Cultivate or Culture. – Any act of knowingly planting, growing, raising, or permitting
the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is the source of a dangerous drug.

Drug Syndicate. – Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining
together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under this Act.
Financier. – Any person who pays for, raises or supplies money for, or underwrites
any of the illegal activities prescribed under this Act.

Protector/Coddler. – Any person who knowingly and willfully consents to the

unlawful acts provided for in this Act and uses his/her influence, power or position in
shielding, harboring, screening or facilitating the escape, in order to prevent the
arrest, prosecution and conviction of the violator.
Screening Test. – A rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive positive
result.

Confirmatory Test. – An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a

different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will validate and
confirm the result of the screening test.
Two forms of drugs, natural and synthetic/artificial

Natural drugs include natural plant leaves, flowering tops, resin, hashish, opium, and
marijuana

Synthetic drugs are produced by clandestine laboratories which include those drugs that
are controlled by law because they are used in the medical practice.
A. THE PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS
-These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase

B. THE OVER - THE COUNTER - DRUGS (OTC)

-These are non-prescription medicines, which may be purchased from any pharmacy or
drugstore without written authorization from a doctor.
-OTC drugs are used for the prevention and symptomatic relief of minor ailments.

C. The “Self-Medication Syndrome”

-The “self-medication” syndrome is found in users and would be users of drugs whose sources
of information are people or literature other than doctors, pharmacists and health workers

 
Dose- is the amount of drugs taken at one time.
The amount of drug in a dose can be described as:
 
1. Minimal dose – amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will
produce a therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect, without
any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic dose – amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning
4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an individual
who improperly uses it
5. Lethal dose – amount of drug that will cause death
HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED?

1. Oral – this is the safest most convenient and economical route whenever possible.
2. Injection – this form of drug administration offers a faster response than the oral
method. It makes use of a needle or other device to deliver the drugs directly into the
body tissue and blood circulation.
3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are inhaled and
absorbed rapidly through the mucous of the respiratory tract.
4. Topical – this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as the skin
and the mucous membrane.
5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the use
of special type of electric current for local effect.
6. Suppository to deliver medications by insertion into a body orifice where it dissolves or
melts to exert local or systemic effects.
 THE CONCEPT OF TOXICOLOGY
1. Overdose – when too much of a drug in taken, there may be an over extension of its
effects.
2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic symptoms
3. Idiosyncrasy – for unexplained reasons, morphine, which sedates all men, stimulates
and renders some women some maniacal; peculiarty of physical or mental
constitution towards drug.
4. General Protoplasmic Poison Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them have
the property of being general protoplasmic poisons.
5. Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other
organs as well. The effect in the other organ may constitute a side effect, which is
unwanted.
Medical Uses of Drugs
Analgesics -relieve pain.
Antibiotics- combat or control infectious organisms.
Antipyretics- can lower body temperature or fever due to infection.
Antihistamines -control or combat allergic reactions. People who on
antihistamine therapy must not operate or drive vehicles since these drugs
can cause drowsiness.
Contraceptives- prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or
prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells.
Decongestants- relieve congestion of the nasal passages.
Expectorants- ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and
the throat.
Laxatives- stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement.
Sedatives and tranquilizers -calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety
without causing depression and clouding of the mind.
Vitamins -are food substances necessary for normal growth and
development and proper functioning of he body.
HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE
 Historians credited that marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) is the world’s oldest cultivated
plant started by the Incas of Peru.
-It was also known that marijuana was a “sacred tree” in the belief of the Assyrians
-The first reference of introduction was in Northern Iran as an intoxicant
-The word “hashis” (resin) of the Marijuana plant was derived from the name Hasan or
Hashasin, the Muslim cult leader who fed his disciples a preparation made from the resin of
the female hemp plant as a reward for their successful activities in assassinations.
Opium poppy plant (Papaver
Somniferum) goes back about 7000
years B.C cultivated and prepared by
the Summerians.
Greek physician Hippocrates, the
Father of Medicine, prescribed the
juice of the white poppy plant as early
as 5,000 B.C in the belief that it can
cure many illnesses both in the
internal and external use.
Emperor Yung Chen- prohibited the
smoking of opium and attempted to close
ports for its importation.

-This triggered the “opium war” of 1840

which induced China to accept the British
sponsored opium trade and forced to sign a
treaty permitting the importation of opium
intro China after her defeat.
Friedrich W. Serturner discovered Morphine,
the first derivative of opium.
He called this new drug as “Morphium” and later
changed to Morphine after the Greek god of dream,
Morpheus.
This was the first attempt to cure opium addiction
During the American Civil War vast numbers of
American soldiers became addicted to the drug –
so much so that morphine addiction became known
as “soldiers disease”.
Alder Wright
- discovered Heroin
(Diacetylmorphine), synthesized from
the drug morphine,
-called the “miracle drug” because it is
believed that it can cure both opium
and morphine addiction.
- heroin is the most addictive of all
opiates.
Codeine, the third derivative of opium was discovered in France while in the process of
discovering other drugs that could cure opium, morphine and heroin addiction but it also
ended in the same tragic result. Today, it is widely used as an ingredient in most cough
syrup.
HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Pre- Spanish- .The intoxicants and stimulants used by the early Filipinos were fermented
alcoholic beverages and the masticatory preparations known as “nga-nga” in vernacular.
-Narcotics, including marijuana, were not in the list of vices in the country at that time.
-The opium poppy plant and the coca bush were absent in the Philippine vegetation
prior to 1521.

2. Spanish Era- drug control laws prohibited the use of opium by the native Filipinos and
other people except the Chinese.
-As a vice, it was not widespread and was particularly accepted and tolerated by the
authorities
1908- total ban of opium was effected. at which point all supplies of opium
were cut of from the country and during that period the number of opium
addicts was probably the lowest in Asia.

1953- Republic Act No. 953 was enacted which provided for the registration
of collection, and the imposition of fixed and special taxes upon all persons
who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal-in, dispense, sell,
distribute, or give away opium, marijuana, opium poppies, or coca leaves or
any synthetic drugs which may declared as habit forming
- The law also declared as a matter of national policy, the prohibition of the
cultivation of marijuana and opium poppy.
1955- the marijuana plant was introduced in Pasay City by foreigners for purpose of
producing “reefers”.

January 8, 1959 - first marijuana raid in Pasay City when several potted marijuana
plants were seized.
January 3, 1973- President Ferdinand E. Marcos ordered the immediate
execution of Chinese national Lim Seng alias Gan Sou So, top heroin trafficker
in the Philippines, by firing squad at the Fort Bonifacio grounds.

March 30, 1972- President Ferdinand Marcos signed into law Republic Act No.
6425 known as the “Dangerous Drug Act of 1972”

-Dangerous Drug Board was organized to provide leadership, direction and

coordination in the effective implementation of R.A. 6425
RA 7624- Act integrating drug prevention and control in the intermediate and
secondary curriculum
- concerning the harmful effects of drug abuse , addiction and dependency.

RA 9165- Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002.

-repealed RA 6425
- created the PDEA
 Drug addiction is a state of mind in which a person has lost the power of self-control in
respect of a drug. Attributes to:
1. Compulsion/ Uncontrollable Craving – the addict feels a compulsive craving to take
drug repeatedly and tries to procure the same by any means.
2. Tolerance – it is the tendency to increase the dose of the drug to produce the same
effect as to that of the original effect.
3. Addiction – the addict is powerless to quit drug use.
4. Physical Dependence – the addict’s physiological functioning is altered. The body
becomes sick, inactive and incapable of carrying out useful activity in the absence of the
drug. The withdrawal syndromes will occur once the drug use is stopped.
5. Psychological Dependence – Emotional and mental discomfort exist to the individual.
The drug addict feels he can not do without the drug, consequently if he does not take the
drug his mental processes are affected.
 6. Withdrawal Syndrome – The addict becomes nervous and restless when he does not
get the drug.
-After about 12 hours, he starts sweating.
-After another 12 hours- His nose and eyes becomes watery and continue doing so
increasingly. It is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and sleep. Respiration,
blood pressure and body temperature also rises.
- This will continue up to three days. After which, the trouble starts subsiding and most
of it is gone in about a week’s time.
-Complete recovery takes place in three to six months.
Primary Causes of Drug Abuse( 7 Deadly Sins)

1. Pride – excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem, sense of self-importance.

2. Anger - unexpressed, deep-seated anger against himself, his family, his friends or the
society in general.
3. Lust – burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse.
4. Gluttony – “food trip” in the lingo of junkies
5. Greed – wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their
work of art, such as musicians, actors, athletes who indulge in drug abuse.
6. Envy – to get attention from someone:
 7. Laziness –“ I can’t syndrome”, incapacity to achieve – the breeding
ground of drug abuse.
Group Classifications of Drug Abusers:

1. Situational Users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional
energy to perform an important work..
2. Spree Users – school age users who take drugs for “kicks’, an adventurous daring
experience, or as a means of fun.
3. Hard Core Addicts – those, whose activities revolve almost entirely around the
drug experience and securing supplies. They show strong psychological dependence on
the drug.
4. Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of
life.
 
THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION
 

A. The 1st Important Drug Traffic Route (MTEU)

 

Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest

Turkey - preparation for distribution
Europe - manufacture, synthesis, refine
U.S. - Marketing
A. Drugs that originates from the Golden Triangle

 Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle” approximately produced 60% of opium in the world, 90%
percent of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially acknowledged source of Southeast
Asian Heroin.

Burma/Myanmar
 
 
 
Laos Thailand
 
B. Drugs that originates from the Golden Crescent
Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin products
in the western part of Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug
underworld market.

- Iran
- Afghanistan
- Pakistan
- India
 
C. World’s Drug Scene
1. Middle East – the Becka Valley of Lebanon is the biggest producer of cannabis in the
Middle East.
2. Spain – major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe – known
as “the paradise of drug users in Europe”.
3. South America –the sources of all cocaine supply in the world.
4. Morocco – the number one producer of cannabis in the world.
5. Philippines- the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.
6. India – center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people.
7. Hong Kong – the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin
Organized Crime Groups behind the
Global Drug Scene
 
Columbian Medellin Cartel- Central
Columbia
Founded during the 1980’s by Colombian drug
lords in the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria
The Columbian government succeeded in
containing the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in
the death, surrender, and arrest of the people
behind the organization. This further resulted to
the disbandment of the Cartel led to its downfall.
  Pablo Escobar died in a shootout on
2 December 1993,
Cali Cartel- Southern Columbia
 
The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel
is the rise of the Cali Cartel - the newly emerged
cocaine monopoly.
Gilberto Rodriquez Orajuela –Don Chepe -
“the chess player” heads the syndicated
organization.
-The cartel produces over 80% of cocaine in
the world.
Due to this, it was called the best and the
brightest of the modern underworld.
North Valley Cartel

was a drug cartel that operated

principally in the north of the 
Valle del Cauca department of 
Colombia, most notably the coastal
city of Buenaventura.
The drug cartel was led by the
brothers Luis Enrique and Javier
Antonio Calle Serna, alias "Los
Comba"
The Chinese Triad
The Chinese Triad is also called the Chinese Mafia – the oldest and biggest criminal
organization in the world.
It is believed to be the controller of the “Golden Triangle”.
   -referring to the union of heaven, earth and humanity
 

Sinaloa Cartel- most powerful and most active drug cartel in production of
cocaine.
headed by Joaquin Guzman Loera aka “ el chapo”- biggest cocaine dealer on the
planet.
THE DANGEROUS DRUGS

- refers to broad categories or classes of controlled

substances that are generally grouped according to
effect, pharmacology and legal criteria.
LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
1. Prohibited Drugs - Drugs which are prohibited by the law to be sold, forbidden by law.
[Link], shabu, ecstacy

2. Regulated Drugs – A drugs which are normally legal, and prescribed by the doctor.
-not really prohibited but may only be purchased after complying with some
restrictions, rules and regulations
Ex. Amphetamines, Barbiturates and hypnotics

3. Volatile Substance- any liquid, solid or mixed substance releasing of toxic vaposr or
fumes, which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled causes effect to the body.
Ex. thinner, vulcaseal
 
DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

1. STIMULANT- (SNACCE)
Drug that excite the central nervous system, increasing alertness, decreasing
fatigue, delaying sleep, also decrease appetite and cause weight loss.
- They produce effects opposite to that of depressants. Instead of bringing
about relaxation and sleep, they produce increased mental alertness,
wakefulness, reduce hunger, and provide a feeling of well being.

 
a. SHABU or Methamphetamine
hydrochloride - also known as “poor man’s
cocaine”.
-Shabu is a white, odorless crystal or
crystalline powder with a bitter numbing
taste.
Ephedrine or the so called “ma Huang” -
the main ingredient of Methamphetamine
Hydrochloride, causing brain damage.
  -Methamphetamine HCL was discovered
in Japan in 1919.
- It can be taken orally, inhaled (snorted),
sniffed (chasing the dragon) or injected.
b. Nicotine – an active component in tobacco, which acts as a powerful stimulant of the
central nervous system.

c. Amphetamines – used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief of mild depression
and treatment
- an appetite suppressant
-for the treatment of conditions such as narcolepsy (a sleep disorder) and Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamines come in varied forms, colors and shapes.
Examples of amphetamines are benzedrine or the “bennies”, Dexedrine or the “dexies”,
and the methedrine known as the “meatballs”
d. Cocaine - is a drug from the leaves of the Coca plant known as Erythroxylon Coca ,
cultivated in South America.
- “benzoylmethyl ecgonine”
In its pure form, is also white and made up of shiny, colorless crystal.
The effect of cocaine is similar to those of amphetamine, only more intense and shorter
duration. It is one of the strongest short acting stimulants that last only 15 to 20 minutes.
- it was the first local anesthetic to be discovered
e. Caffeine- naturally found in beverages and foods such as coffee,
tea, chocolate, cola, drinks and wake up pills.
f. “ECSTASY” or METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA)
-commonly known as “adam, eden, x-tc, tablet”
-first developed as appetite suppressant in 1914 by German Merck Company
- Alexander Shulgin used this drug to help patients explore their feelings.

MDMA is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used at
clubs, festivals, and house parties
2. The Hallucinogens (Psychedelic)
Consists of a variety of mind-altering drugs, which distort reality, thinking and
perceptions of time, sound, space and sensation. The user experiences hallucination (false
perception).
They may dislocate his consciousness and change his mood, thinking and concept of
self.
a. MARIJUANA- most commonly abused hallucinogen in the Philippines because it can be
grown extensively in the country
-The effects of marijuana include a feeling of grandeur.
-It is a Mexican term meaning pleasurable feeling.

-term used to describe all the plant material like leaves, tops, stems, flowers and roots from
a cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa), dried and prepared for smoking or taken orally as
“brownies”.
The primary active ingredient /mind altering component is the tetrahydrocannabinol, which
induces relaxation and heightens the senses.

Marijuana plant was first introduced in the Philippines by the Americans at Pasay City in 1955

The PC Criminal Investigation on January 8, 1959 conducted the first marijuana raid in Pasay
City when several potted marijuana plants were seized.
b. LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD).
-This drug id the most powerful of the psychedelics obtained from ergot, a fungus that attacks
rye kernels.
- a crystalline substance derived from the fungus claviceps purpurea which infects wheat.
-LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938
-LSD is 1, 000 times more powerful than marijuana
-other name Acid, trips, tabs, microdots, dots, Lucy.
c. Psilocybin –
-This hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushrooms are used by Mexican Indians
today.
-commonly known as magic mushrooms, mushrooms
-These mushrooms induced nausea, muscular relaxation, mood changes with visions of
bright colors and shapes, and other hallucinations
 -Its principal component is psilocybin
d. Peyote
-Peyote is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus.
-Peyote emits a nauseating odor and its user suffers from nausea.
-This drug causes no physical dependence and, therefore, no withdrawal symptoms,
although in some cases psychological dependence has been noted.
e. Mescaline
-It is the alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from the peyote cactus and can also be
synthesized in the laboratory.
-It produces less nausea than peyote and shows effects resembling those of LSD
although milder in nature.
-Mescaline does not cause physical dependence.

f. STP
– It is a take-off on the motor oil additive.
-It is a chemical derivative of mescaline claimed to produce more violent and longer
effects than mescaline dose.
- It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin,
g. Morning glory
– The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory are used to produce
hallucinations.
-They are sold under the names of ‘heavenly blues’, ‘flying dancers’, and pearly gates’.
h. Phencyclidine or phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP)
-also known as angel dust
-Considered as a menace and highly dangerous drug because it can be easily
synthesized,
-this drug has no medical purpose for humans but it is occasionally used by veterinaries
as an anesthetic and sedative for animals.  
  -it is typically smoked, but may be taken by mouth, snorted, or injected.
3. The Depressants (Downers)
-These are group of drugs, which suppress vital body functions especially those of the
brain or central nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgment, hearing,
speech and muscular coordination.
-They dull the minds, slow down body reactions to such an extent that accidental
deaths and/or suicides usually happen
-They include the narcotics, barbiturates, tranquilizers, alcohol and other volatile
solvents
-They cause depression, relieve pain and induce sedation or sleep and suppress cough.
a. Narcotics or opiates
- are drugs, which relieve pain and produce profound sleep or stupor.

-Medically, they are potent painkillers, cough depressants and as an active component
of anti-diarrheal preparations.

-Opium and it derivatives like morphine, codeine and heroin, as well as the synthetic
opiates, meperidine and methadone, are classified as narcotics.
a1. Opium
– derived from a poppy plant – Papaver somniferum popularly known as “gum”,
“gamot”, “kalamay” or “panocha”.
-is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy (Papaversomniferum)
-A plant that can grow from 3 to 6 ft in height originally in Mesopotamia.
-Its active ingredient is the “meconic” acid – the analgesic property.

-Field test: Burn a small quantity of the suspected substance. The odor or smell is similar to
burnt banana leaves or has a sweetish odor.
a2. Morphine-  
-is a potent opiate analgesic drug that is used to relieve severe pain.
-most commonly used and best used opiate.
-It was first isolated by Friedrich Sertürner, which is generally believed to be the first
ever isolation of a natural plant alkaloid in history
-Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of
dreams Morpheus (Greek: Μορφεύς) for its tendency to cause sleep.
-This was the first attempt to cure opium addiction

-During the American Civil War vast numbers of American soldiers became addicted to
the drug – so much so that morphine addiction became known as “soldiers disease”.
a3. Heroin
- (Diacetylmorphine), synthesized from the drug morphine,
– is three to five times more powerful than morphine from which it is derived and the
most addicting opium derivative.
-Heroin is the hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtainable by the action of acetic anhydride
or morphine.
-It may be sniffed on swallowed but is usually injected in the veins.
-The name "heroin" is usually only used when being discussed in its illegal form.
When it is used in a medical environment, it is referred to as diamorphine.
-called the “miracle drug” because it is believed that it can cure both opium and
morphine addiction.
 a4. Codeine
-Also known as Methyl morphine.
-It is similar to morphine, but its effect is weaker in intensity.
-It was isolated from morphine in the year 1832.
  - a derivative of morphine, commonly available in cough preparations.
-These cough medicines have been widely abused by the young whenever hard narcotics
are difficult to obtain.

a5. Paregoric
– a tincture of opium in combination with camphor.
-Commonly used as a household remedy for diarrhea and abdominal pain.
b. Demerol and Methadone – common synthetic drugs with morphine – like
effects.
Demerol is widely used as a painkiller in childbirth while methadone is the drug of choice
in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependents since it relieves the physical craving for
heroin.

c. Barbiturates – are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety,
mental stress, and insomnia. 4
-They are also of value in the treatment of epilepsy and hypertension.

d. Seconal – commonly used among hospitality girls.

-short acting barbiturates
- a sleep medication that belongs to a group of medications known as barbiturates.
e. Tranquilizers – are drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety.
-They are used in the treatment of nervous states and some mental disorders without
producing sleep.

f. Volatile Solvents – gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as “gas”,

“teardrops”. Examples are plastic glues, hair spray, finger nail polish, lighter fluid, rugby,
paint, thinner, acetone, turpentine gasoline, kerosene, varnishes and other aerosol products.

g. Alcohol – the king of all drugs with potential for abuse.

-Most widely used, socially accepted and most extensively legalized drug throughout
the world.
 APPROACH TO THE DRUG PROBLEM
This includes the major approaches as follows:
 
A. The Law Enforcement Approach
B. The Treatment and Rehabilitation Approach
C. The Educational Approach
D. The International Efforts Against Drug Abuse
 

 
THE LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or Republic Act

No. 9165 was enacted to add more teeth on the government
response to the ongoing problem on drug abuse in the country.
-This is the major arm of the government in its law enforcement
approaches that derived from the supply and demand reduction
strategies.
A. National Campaign Strategies
1. Demand Reduction Strategy
a. Preventive education and information campaigns to prevent further demand
of society particularly the youth.
b. Treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents.

2. Supply Reduction Strategy

a. Dangerous Drug Law enforcement
b. Judicial and Legislative measures
B. Operational Plans against the Drug Problem
The Operational Plans (OPLANS) against the Drug Problem are:
 
1. Oplan Thunderbolt I –operation to create impact to the underworld
2. Oplan Thunderbolt II –operations to neutralize suspected illegal drug laboratories
3. Oplan Thunderbolt III – Operations for the neutralization of big time drug pushers’ drug
dealers and drug lords.
4. Oplan Iceberg – Special operations team in selected drug prone areas in order to get rid of
illegal drug activities in the area.
5. Oplan Hunter – operations against suspected military and police personnel who are
engage in illegal drug activities.
6. Oplan Mercurion – Operations against drug stores, which are violating existing regulations
on the scale of regulated drugs in coordination with the DDB, DOH and BFAD.
7. Oplan Tornado – Operations in drug notorious and high profile places.
8. Oplan Greengold – nation wide MJ eradication operations in coordination with the local
governments and NGO’s.
9. Oplan Sagip-Yagit – A civic program initiated by NGO’s and local government offices to
help eradicate drug syndicates involving street children as drug conduit.
10. Oplan Banat – the newest operational plan against drug abuse focused in the barangay
level in cooperation with barangay officials.
11. Oplan Athena – operation conducted to neutralize the 14k, the Bamboo gang and other
local organized crimes groups involved in illegal drug trafficking.
12. Oplan Cyclops – operations against Chinese triad members involved in the illegal drug
operations particularly Methamphetamine Hydrocloride.
— PROJECT: "DOUBLE BARREL“
by PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs Campaign Plan
(July 1, 2016)

The PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs Campaign Plan - Project: "Double Barrel" will be conducted in a two-
pronged approach, namely: PROJECT TOKHANG and PROJECT HVT.

∞PROJECT TOKHANG is a practical and realistic means of accelerating the drive against
illegal drugs in affected barangays. This concept involves the conduct of house to house visitations
to persuade suspected illegal drug personalities to stop their illegal drug activities.

∞The PROJECT HVT is a massive and reinvigorated conduct of anti illegal drugs operations
targeting illegal drugs personalities and drug syndicates.
“The Operation ‘Private Eye’
is a citizen-based information collection program designed to encourage the active
participation of private citizens to report illegal drug activities in their communities.
 In the conduct of anti-drug operations, the
following must be strictly considered:

 
1. Respect for Human Rights (Sec. 11, Art 2, Phil. Constitution)
2. Respect for right of the people to due process and equal protection (Sec. 1,
Art 3, Phil, Constitution)
3. Respect of right of the people against unreasonable search and seizure. (Sec. 2,
Art 3,Phil, Constitution)
4. Respect for right of the people to privacy of communication (Sec. 3, Art.
3Phil, Constitution)
5. Respect for constitutional rights of the accused undergoing custodial
investigation (RA 7438), (Sec. 12, Art 3, Phil, Constitution)
6. Respect for the statutory rights of the accused undergoing custodial
investigation under RA 7438.
Buy-Bust Operations
Concept: It is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers as an effective way of
apprehending a criminal in the act of the commission of the offense.
Entrapment has received judicial sanction as long as it is carried with due regard to
constitutional and legal safeguards.

Marijuana Eradication
Concept: Marijuana eradication involves the location and destruction of marijuana
plantations, including the identification, arrest and prosecution of the planter, owner or
cultivator, and the escheating of the land where the plantations are located.
Narcotic Death Investigation
 

a narcotic death is divided into three (3) phases:

1. the SCENE investigation,
2. the MEDICAL investigation,
3. and the TOXICOLOGICAL investigation
 The body signs
 Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of the face and/or fingernails due to insufficient oxygenation of the
blood cause by increase in carbon dioxide in the body.
 The body signs
Petechial hemorrhages – pinpoint spots of discoloration resulting from capability ruptures due to
pressure and generally observed in the eyes, eyelids, behind the ears and internally.
 The body signs
Form or froth – observed in mouth and nose, may be white or pinkish and caused by fluids
entering the air passages.
 The body signs
Hematoma – a localized swelling on any part to the body caused by bleeding beneath the surface of
the skin. This is caused by ‘skin popping’ rather that vein injections.
 The body signs
Needle mark/tracks – visual evidence of repeated intravenous injections. The tracks will follow a vein
(exception “skin popping”) and result in a dark discoloration and eventual collapse of the vein.
 The body signs
Scar – skin imperfection caused by the victim in removing needle mark scabs, added to uncleanness of the
victim.
 The body signs
Rash/scratched skin – external body signs of morphine or heroin poisoning.
Medical phase

This is most important stage of the narcotics death investigation.

Since the pathologist will rarely be able to examine the body at the death scene, you should note every
detail, which may be of medico-legal importance and make complete report on this.
 
You should attend the autopsy yourself. Make sure that the following specimens are submitted for
narcotics, alcohol or other foreign matter.
The body signs
THE TREATMENT AND REHABILTITATION APPROACH
1. Assisting the Drug Abuser
 Treatment - the medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of
physical and mental conditions related to drug abuse.
Detoxification - it is a medically supervised elimination of drugs from the system of any
addicted person

 Rehabilitation - the dynamic process directed towards the physical,

emotional/psychological, vocational, social and spiritual change to prepare a person for
the fullest life compatible with his capabilities and potentialities, and render him able
to become a law abiding and productive member of the community without abusing
drugs.
 Modalities:
 
a. Multi-disciplinary Team Approach
b. Therapeutic Community Approach
c. Primal Scream Therapy
d. Spiritual Approach
e. Eclectic Approach
f. The 12 Steps of AA/NA
Multi-disciplinary Team Approach
- avails of a services and skills of a team composed of psychiatrist, psychologist, social
worker, occupational therapist and other related disciplines in collaboration of the family
and drug dependent.

Therapeutic Community Approach

- a highly structured program wherein COMMUNITY is utilized as primary vehicle to foster
behavioural and attitudinal change.
- goal is to change the patient’s self destructive thinking and behavioral pattern, teach then
personal responsibility , positive self image , create sense of human community and
environment for him to grow.
The 12 Steps of AA/NA
ALCOHOLIC ANONYMOUS
- endorsing set of values and beliefs
- counsellors and patients collaborate in defining the path to recovery.
-Alcoholics Anonymous is a fellowship of people who come together to solve their
drinking problem

Eclectic Approach
- applying holistic approach in rehabilitation
-complements the Twelve Steps, Therapeutic Community, Spiritual and Cognitive
approaches.
 THE EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES
Drug Abuse Prevention Education- concerned with bringing about changes in the people’s
knowledge, attitudes and practices towards drug abuse
1. Drug Education – learning situations during seminar-workshops, symposiums and lecture
forums, which take up values clarification, leadership training, coping skills and decision-
making.
2. Drug Information – it is an activity, which focused on the dissemination of basic facts of
the causes and effects of drug abuse with the objective of creating awareness and vigilance
of the people in the community.
3. Alternatives – this includes a number of ideas for stimulating meaningful involvements
for the youth that can compete successfully with the demands of drugs and alcohol.
4. Interventions- this strategy is applied to experiments and potential drug abusers.
Activities like peer or group counseling should be encouraged in every community. It is
applied to the individual
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION APPROACH

The UNDCP
The United Nation International Drug Control Program
-mandated by the General Assembly with the exclusive responsibility leadership for all United
Nation Drug Control activities in order to ensure coherence of actions, coordination, and non-
duplication of such activities in the United Nation System

UNDCP in SEA
 
UNDCP is created in the different field offices in Laos and Burma (Myanmar), which handles
national programs while Thailand, handles Regional programs.
 

.
 Drug Outlook in the ASEAN Countries (Major Contributors)

1. Thailand – the training center for: undercover operations, investigations, informant handling,
surveillance, other enforcement techniques

2. Philippines - the adoption of the Drug Demand Reduction Strategy and Supply Reduction
Strategy.

3. Malaysia - The Asian treatment and rehabilitation training center is sponsored by the
International Labor Union located in Malaysia.

4. Singapore - Singapore is responsible in the area of research as part of the Asian anti-narcotic
work. The urine test project was adopted with the aim to train chemist from ASEAN members in
the techniques of mass urine screening.
 
PROCESS OF DETECTING DRUG ABUSERS
 
The detection of drug abuse involves five processes namely:
 
a. Observation
b. History taking- Collateral Information (Interview with information); Interview with
patient
c. Laboratory examination
d. Psychological examination
e. Psychiatric evaluation -conduct an examination to determine whether or not a patient is
suffering from psychiatric disorder.
 
 Drug Sample Test Used Color Reaction

Opium Marquis test Purple/Violet

Heroin Nitric acid Yellow-green
Morphine Nitric acid Red orange
Cocaine Cobalt Thiocyanate Blue

Barbiturates Dille-Kopanyi
test/Zwikker test
Violet/Blue

Amphetamines Marquis test Red/Orange-Brown

LSD Para amino Purple

BenZoic
Acid (PABA)

Marijuana Duquenois-Levine test/ Red Bottom layer

KN test

Shabu Symone’s Test Purple

 VICES
Vice – is any immoral conduct or habit, the indulgence of
which leads to depravity, wickedness and corruption of the
minds and the body.
 Different Forms of Vices:
1) Drug addiction
2) Alcoholism
3) Prostitution
4) Gambling
ALCOHOLISM
Is the state or condition of a person produced by drinking intoxicating liquors excessively
and with habitual frequency.

ALCOHOL
Generally describes a specific chemical compound, ethyl alcohol.
Ethyl Alcohol is a thin, clear, colorless fluid with a mild aromatic odor and pungent taste.
-Ethyl alcohol is derived from certain grains and fruits by Fermentation.
-Alcohol is colorless, tasteless clear liquid, which gives a burning sensation to the
mouth, esophagus and stomach.
-Alcohol is a depressant not stimulant.
-maximum period of absorption from 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion and it is
absorbed in the stomach and in the intestines.
There are two kinds of alcohol – methyl and ethyl alcohol.

1. Methyl alcohol is very poisonous and is not put in drinks but is use in
some industries.

2. Ethyl alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks, which are made by breweries

 Types of Drinkers

1. Occasional Drinker – drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home remedy, takes
only a few drinks per year.
2. Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a
week or occasionally reaches three or four times per week, uses beverages to release
inhibitions and tensions.
3. Regular Drinker – may drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually comes from
cultural background where wine or beer is used with meals to enhance the flavor of the
food.
4. Alcohol Dependent – drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs occasionally but
drinker may not become alcoholic.
5. Alcoholic – has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol assumes primary goal in his life,
even to the exclusion of physical health and interests of family and society in general.
 
 Motives for Drinking
 
1. Traditional – social and religious functions.
2. Status – symbol of success and prestige.
3. Dietary – dining incomplete without wine, integral part of today’s way of “gracious living”.
4. Social – release tensions and inhibitions so user can tolerate and enjoy another’s
company.
5. Shortcut to Adulthood – user unsure of maturity, drinks to prove himself.
6. Ritual – fosters group feeling, cocktail parties, toasts made to brides, wishes for good
health.
7. Path of least Resistance - doesn’t want to drink but doesn’t want to abstain so goes along
with everyone else.
DRUNKNESS AS A CRIME
- In the Philippines, drunkenness in itself is not a crime because a person may drink to excess
in the privacy of his home or in the party and commit no crime at all.

- It is only when a drunken person exhibits his condition publicly, or disturbs, endangers, or
injured others, that he became an offender and therefore, subject to arrest and punishment.
- Before and during elections, it is unlawful to sell or drink intoxicating liquor, as provided in
the election law.

- Under RA 4136, as amended, driving under the influence of liquor is prohibited.

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10586-  "Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013″.
 
Liquor as a Volatile Substance
 

Under P.D. 1619, sale and offer to sell to minors of liquors or

beverages with alcoholic content of 30% or above is punishable by 6
months and one day to 4 years imprisonment and a fine of P600.00
pesos to P4000.00 pesos.
 
Under Article 15 of the Revised Penal Code, intoxication is considered as an Alternative
Circumstances.
- It is considered a mitigating circumstance when the offender has committed a felony in a
state of intoxication, if the same is not habitual.
- It is considered an aggravating circumstance, when the intoxication is habitual or
intentional.
KINDS OF INTOXICATION

1. Involuntary – when a drunken person does not know the intoxicating strength of the
beverage he has taken.

2. Intentional – when a person deliberately drinks liquor fully knowing its effects, either to
obtain mitigation or to find the liquor as stimulant to commit crime.

3. Habitual – when the person finds that drinking is a constant necessary and the vice
ultimately takes to hold of him.
 
VARIOUS DEGREE OF INTOXICATION

1. Slight Inebriation – there is a reddening of the face. There is no sign of mental impairment, in coordination
and difficulty of speech.
2. Moderate Inebriation – the person is argumentative and overconfident. There is slight impairment of mental
difficulties, difficulty of articulation, loss of coordination of finer movements. The face is flushed with digested
eyeball.

3. Drunk – the mind is confused, behavior is irregular and the movement is uncontrolled. The speech is thick and
uncoordinated. The behavior is uncontrollable.

4. Very Drunk – the mind is confused and disoriented. There is difficulty in speech and marked motor un-
coordination and often walking is impossible.

5. Coma – the subject is stuporous or in comatose condition. Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate this
condition with other conditions having coma.
THE THREE METHODS OF THERAPHY (TREATMENT) ON ALCOHOLISM
[Link] Treatment – used of certain medicine that would give an adverse taste with
alcoholic beverage.
[Link] method – making the person understand the cause of his alcoholism
through counseling.
3. Program of Alcoholics Anonymous – treatment through socialization/peer gathering with
co – alcoholics
PROSTITUTION- world’s oldest profession
- act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment.
-is the exchange of money for the performance of sexual act.

PROSTITUTE
-Customarily used, to refer to a female person who engages in sex in exchange for money as profession.

PIMP –A male procurer of clients for a prostitute.

FACTORY GIRLS – Are the real professional type of prostitutes. She works in regular houses of prostitution. She
accepts all comers and has nothing to do with the selecting and soliciting customers
DOOR KNOCKER – This is the occasional or selective type of prostitute. She frequent hotels and furnished fun
houses. She caters the affluent male members of the business world.
 
PHILANDERING
- Is having casual/illicit sex with a number of people.
- It usually refers to men, and often in the context of cheating on a wife or
girlfriend.
PHILANDER
- Is a serial cheater who betrays his spouse or long term partner repeatedly;
- The term usually refers to men (obviously, women have also been known to carry on affairs).
VAGRANTS AND PROSTITUTES (under RPC)
- Any person having no apparent means of subsistence, who has the physical ability to work
and who neglects to apply himself or herself to some lawful calling.
- Any person found loitering about public or semi-public building or places, or tramping or
wandering about the country or to the streets without visible means of support.
- Any idle or dissolute person who lodges in houses of ill-fame, ruffians or pimps and those
who habitually associate with prostitutes.
 
PROSTITUTES – women, who for money or profit, habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or
lascivious conduct.
Republic Act No. 10158
amended Article 202 of the Revised Penal Code removing vagrancy from the country's list
of crimes amid concerns it only targets the poor and the disadvantaged.

Although the poor or homeless people can no longer be hauled to jail for vagrancy, the new
law continued to penalize women engaged in prostitution.
 
GAMBLING
- Wagering of money or something of material value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of
winning additional money and/or material goods.

RELATED LAWS ON GAMBLING

 
PD 449 – Cockfighting Law of 1974
PD 483 - Penalizing Betting, Game-fixing or point shaving and Machinations in Sports Contents.

PD 1602 –prescribing stiffer penalties on illegal gambling.

RA 9287 – An Act increasing the penalties for illegal numbers games, amending certain provisions of P.D.
1602, and for other purposes.
 
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165: IMPORTANT FEATURES
"Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002".

Definitions:
Clandestine Laboratory. – Any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any dangerous drug
and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
Controlled Delivery. – The investigative technique of allowing an unlawful or suspect
consignment of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical,
equipment or paraphernalia, or property believed to be derived directly or indirectly from any
offense, to pass into, through or out of the country under the supervision of an authorized
officer, with a view to gathering evidence to identify any person involved in any dangerous
drugs related offense.
Drug Syndicate. – Any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or joining together
with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under this Act.
Illegal Trafficking. – The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration,
dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation,
exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical.
Instrument. – Any thing that is used in or intended to be used in any manner in the
commission of illegal drug trafficking or related offenses.
PDEA. – Refers to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency.
Practitioner. – Any person who is a licensed physician, dentist, chemist, medical
technologist, nurse, midwife, veterinarian or pharmacist in the Philippines.
Screening Test. – A rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive
positive result
Confirmatory Test. – An analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a
different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will validate and
confirm the result of the screening test.
ARTICLE II
Unlawful Acts and Penalties
Acts which has penalty of life imprisonment to death and a ranging from Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
1. Section 4.  Importation of Dangerous Drugs 
2. Section 5Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of
Dangerous Drugs 
3. Section 6 Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort.
4. Section 8 Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs
5. Section 11 Possession of Dangerous Drugs
6. Section 13 Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.
7. Section 16 Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as Dangerous Drugs or are Sources Thereof
8. Section 19 Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs
9. Section 27 Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure to Account for 
 Dangerous Drugs
Section 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs
1. shall import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug, regardless of
the quantity and purity involved, including any and all species of opium poppy
or any part thereof or substances derived therefrom even for floral, decorative
and culinary purposes.

2. shall import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical through the use of a diplomatic
passport, diplomatic facilities or any other means involving his/her official
status intended to facilitate the unlawful entry of the same. 
3. who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal
activities prescribed in this Section.
Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation
of Dangerous Drugs

shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute dispatch in transit or
transport any dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity
and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
Maximum Penalty if:
1. transpires within one hundred (100) meters from the school
2. For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and
messengers,
3. If the victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous
drug and/or a controlled precursor and essential chemical involved in any offense herein provided be
the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof,
4. any person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.
Section 6. Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort

1. maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed in every case where any
dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is allowed to use the same
in such a place.

2. If such den, dive or resort is owned by a third person, the same shall be confiscated and escheated
in favor of the government: Provided, That the criminal complaint shall specifically allege that such
place is intentionally used in the furtherance of the crime: Provided, further, That the prosecution
shall prove such intent on the part of the owner to use the property for such
purpose: Provided, finally, That the owner shall be included as an accused in the criminal
complaint.
Section 8. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs
any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall engage in the manufacture of any dangerous drug.

The presence of any controlled precursor and essential chemical or laboratory equipment in the
clandestine laboratory is a prima facie proof of manufacture of any dangerous drug. It shall be
considered an aggravating circumstance if the clandestine laboratory is undertaken or established
under the following circumstances:
a) Any phase of the manufacturing process was conducted in the presence or with the help of minor/s:
(b) Any phase or manufacturing process was established or undertaken within one hundred (100)
meters of a residential, business, church or school premises;
(c) Any clandestine laboratory was secured or protected with booby traps;
(d) Any clandestine laboratory was concealed with legitimate business operations; or
(e) Any employment of a practitioner, chemical engineer, public official or foreigner
Section 11. Possession of Dangerous Drugs
penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
shall possess any dangerous drug in the following quantities, regardless of the degree of purity thereof:

10 or more MJ,M,O,C,H,E,OT

50 or more shabs
500 or more MJ Weed
if the quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the penalties shall be graduated
as follows:

Penalty Quantity possessed

Life imprisonment and a fine 400k- • 10 grams up to 49 grams of Shabu
500k

20 years and 1 day to Life • 5 grams or more but less than 10

imprisonment and a fine 400k to 500k grams of MJMOCHEOT and Shabu
• 300 grams or more but less than 500
grams Marijuana Weed
12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a • Less than 5 grams of MJMOCHEOT
fine 300k to 400k • Less than 300 grams of MJ WEED
Section 13. Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings

Any person found possessing any dangerous drug during a party, or at a social gathering or meeting, or
in the proximate company of at least two (2) persons, shall suffer the maximum penalties provided for
in Section 11 of this Act, regardless of the quantity and purity of such dangerous drugs.
Section 16. Cultivation or Culture of Plants Classified as Dangerous Drugs or are Sources
Thereof. 

who shall plant, cultivate or culture marijuana, opium poppy or any other plant regardless of
quantity, which is or may hereafter be classified as a dangerous drug or as a source from which
any dangerous drug may be manufactured or derived.

The land or portions thereof and/or greenhouses on which any of said plants is cultivated or
cultured shall be confiscated and escheated in favor of the State, unless the owner thereof
can prove lack of knowledge of such cultivation or culture despite the exercise of due diligence
on his/her part.
Section 19. Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs

upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall make or issue a
prescription or any other writing purporting to be a prescription for any
dangerous drug.
Section 15. Use of Dangerous Drugs.

A person apprehended or arrested, who is found to be positive for use of any dangerous
drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be imposed a penalty:

1. minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center for the first offense.
2. imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a fine
ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred thousand pesos
(P200,000.00)- for the second time

Provided, That this Section shall not be applicable where the person tested is also found to
have in his/her possession such quantity of any dangerous drug provided for under
Section 11 of this Act, in which case the provisions stated therein shall apply.
Section 27. Criminal Liability of a Public Officer or Employee for Misappropriation, Misapplication or Failure
to Account for the Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous
Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory
Equipment Including the Proceeds or Properties Obtained from the Unlawful Act Committed

shall be imposed upon any public officer or employee who misappropriates,

misapplies or fails to account for confiscated, seized or surrendered dangerous
drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment including the
proceeds or properties obtained from the unlawful acts as provided for in this Act.
“protector/coddler"
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment
and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00).
Section 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or Surrendered Dangerous
Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals,
Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory Equipment.

The PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of
dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as well as
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated, seized and/or
surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:
A.
 immediately after seizure and confiscation
 conduct a physical inventory of the seized items and photograph the same
 in the presence of:
1. accused or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or
counsel,
2. with an elected public official
3. a representative of the National Prosecution Service or the media

That the physical inventory and photograph shall be conducted at the place where the search warrant is
served; or at the nearest police station or at the nearest office of the apprehending officer/team, whichever is
practicable, in case of warrantless seizures.
 B.
 Within twenty-four (24) hours upon confiscation/seizure of dangerous drugs
submitted to the PDEA Forensic Laboratory for a qualitative and quantitative
examination;

C.
 certification of the forensic laboratory examination results, done by the forensic laboratory examiner, shall be
issued immediately upon the receipt of the subject item/s
 a partial laboratory examination report shall be provisionally issued
when the volume does not allow the completion of testing within the time frame
a partial laboratory examination report shall be provisionally issued
final certification shall be issued immediately upon completion of the said examination and certification;
 D.
After the filing of the criminal case
PDEA shall file urgent motion for the immediate destruction, which shall be heard and resolved within five (5) days
upon actual receipt of its filing.
 court conduct an ocular inspection within seventy-two (72) hours
 and through the PDEA  within twenty-four (24) hours  proceed with the destruction or burning of the same,
 Provided, further, That a representative sample, duly weighed and recorded is retained;

E.
The DDB shall then issue a sworn certification as to the fact of destruction or burning of the subject item/s which,
together with the representative sample/s in the custody of the PDEA,
shall be submitted to the court having jurisdiction over the case.
In all instances, the representative sample/s shall be kept to a minimum quantity as determined by the Board;
F.
The alleged offender or his/her representative or counsel shall be allowed to personally observe all of the above
proceedings and his/her presence shall not constitute an admission of guilt.

In case the said offender or accused refuses or fails to appoint a representative within seventy-two (72) hours
before the actual burning or destruction of the evidence in question, the Secretary of Justice, Presiding Judge of
the court having jurisdiction of the case, or the Chief of Public Attorney’s Office, shall appoint a member of the
public attorney's office to represent the former;

G.
After the promulgation and judgment in the criminal case ,
the trial prosecutor shall inform the Board of the final termination of the case
shall request the court for leave to turn over the said representative sample/s to the PDEA for
proper disposition and destruction within twenty-four (24) hours from receipt of the same;
Section 23. Plea-Bargaining Provision. – Any person charged under any provision of this Act
regardless of the imposable penalty shall not be allowed to avail of the provision on plea-
bargaining.

???
•Is plea bargaining now allowed in drug cases?

Yes, in the landmark case of Salvador Estipona vs. Judge Lobrigo (En Banc), G.R. No. 226679,
August 15, 2017, the Supreme Court declared Sec. 23 of RA 9165 prohibiting plea bargaining in
drug cases to be unconstitutional.  
DEPARTMENT CIRCULAR NO.018 ( MAY 10, 2022)
Offense Charged in Information Acceptable Plea bargain
Section 5 Sale, Trading, etc. of Dangerous Drugs Section 12- Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and Other
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs
For marijuana and Shabu only Only if:
a. Less than 1 gram shabu
b. Less than 10 grams Marijuana

Section 7 Empioyees or Visitors ofDen, Dive or Resort (Only if the accused is charged as a
visitor of the drug den)
Section 12

Section 11, par. 2 Possession of Dangerous Drugs Section 11, par 3

• Only 5 grams or more but less than 10 grams MOCHEOT;
• marijuana is 300 grams or more but less than 500 grams

Section 11, par. 3 Possession of Dangerous Drugs Section 12

• Only less than 5 grams MOCHEOT;
• marijuana is less than 300 grams

Section 12 Possession of Equipment, Apparatus & Other Paraphernalia for Section 15 Use of Dangerous Drugs (An alternative is to allow the accused to
Dangerous Drugs change his plea to "guilty" and avail of the mitigating circumstance of voluntary
plea of guilt)

Section 13 Possession of Dangerous Drugs During Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings Section 11, par. 3 Possession of Dangerous Drugs

Section 14 Possession of Equipment, Apparatus & Other Paraphernaiia for Dangerous Section 15 Use of Dangerous Drugs
Drugs During Parties, Sociai Gatherings or Meetings

Section 91, par. 1 Responsibility & Liability of Law Enforcement Agencies and other Section 91, par. 2 Liability of Immediate Superior if he failed to exert
Government Officials and Employees in Testifying as Prosecution Witnesses in Dangerous reasonable effort to present witness to court
Drugs Cases
Probation on drug cases

Section 24. Non-Applicability of the Probation Law for Drug Traffickers and Pushers. – Any
person convicted for drug trafficking or pushing under this Act, regardless of the penalty
imposed by the Court, cannot avail of the privilege granted by the Probation Law or
Presidential Decree No. 968, as amended.
Section 57. Probation and Community Service Under the Voluntary Submission Program. – A
drug dependent who is discharged as rehabilitated by the DOH-accredited Center through the
voluntary submission program, but does not qualify for exemption from criminal liability under
Section 55 of this Act, may be charged under the provisions of this Act, but shall be placed on
probation and undergo a community service in lieu of imprisonment and/or fine in the
discretion of the court, without prejudice to the outcome of any pending case filed in court.

Section 70. Probation or Community Service for a First-Time Minor Offender in Lieu of

Imprisonment
Section 26. Attempt or Conspiracy. – Any attempt or conspiracy to commit the following
unlawful acts shall be penalized by the same penalty prescribed for the commission of the
same as provided under this Act:

(a) Importation
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation.
(c) Maintenance of a den, dive or resort where any dangerous drug is used in any form;
(d) Manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical;
and
(e) Cultivation or culture of plants which are sources of dangerous drugs.
Section 29. Criminal Liability for Planting
of Evidence.
Any person who is found guilty of "planting" any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical, regardless of quantity and purity, shall suffer the penalty of death.
Dangerous Drug Test Requirements
The following shall undergo mandatory drug testing:
1. SEC. 7. Mandatory Alcohol and Chemical Testing of Drivers Involved in Motor Vehicular Accidents. – A
driver of a motor vehicle involved in a vehicular accident resulting in the loss of human life or physical injuries
shall be subjected to chemical tests, including a drug screening test and, if necessary, a drug confirmatory test
2. applicants for Firearms license & PTCFOR
3. members of the PNP, AFP, & other LEA
4. All person charged with criminal offense with penalty of not less than 6 years and one day.
5. All candidates for public office national/ local

The following shall undergo random drug testing:

[Link] of secondary and tertiary schools;
2. officers and employees of public & private offices.
Drug test certificates shall be valid for a one-year period.
 Laboratory Examination or Test on Apprehended/Arrested Offenders.
any person apprehended or arrested for violating section 15, shall be subjected to screening
laboratory examination or test within twenty-four (24) hours, if the apprehending or arresting officer
has reasonable ground to believe that the person apprehended or arrested, on account of physical signs
or symptoms or other visible or outward manifestation, is under the influence of dangerous drugs.

If found to be positive, the results of the screening laboratory examination or test shall be challenged
within fifteen (15) days after receipt of the result through a confirmatory test conducted in any
accredited analytical laboratory equipment with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry equipment
or some such modern and accepted method,
if confirmed the same shall be prima facie evidence that such person has used dangerous drugs.
Program for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Dependents

Section 54. Voluntary Submission of a Drug Dependent to Confinement, Treatment and Rehabilitation. 

For? violators of Section 15(Used of Dangerous Drugs)

Who may Apply? Drug dependent himself, or parents spouse, guardian or relative within the
fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity,
where to apply? DDB or its duly recognized representative
-the Board shall bring forth the matter to the Court examined by DOH Physician

Granted by? by the Court

Period of Treatment and Rehab? not less than six (6) months, not exceed one (1) year
Section 56. Temporary Release From the Center; After-Care and Follow-Up Treatment Under
the Voluntary Submission Program. 
– Upon certification of the Center that the drug dependent may be temporarily released,
-the Court shall order his/her release on condition that said drug dependent shall report to the
DOH for after-care and follow-up treatment, including urine testing, for a period not exceeding
eighteen (18) months under such terms and conditions that the Court may impose.
-If rehabilitated, he/she may be discharged by the Court.
-However, if drug dependent requires further treatment and rehabilitation, he/she shall be
recommitted (second commitment) to the Center for confinement.
Section 58. Filing of Charges Against a Drug Dependent Who is Not Rehabilitated Under the
Voluntary Submission Program.

A drug dependent, who is not rehabilitated after the second commitment to the Center under
the voluntary submission program, shall, upon recommendation of the Board, be charged for
violation of Section 15 of this Act and prosecuted like any other offender.
If convicted, he/she shall be credited for the period of confinement and rehabilitation in the
Center in the service of his/her sentence.
Section 66. Suspension of Sentence of a First-Time Minor Offender

 over fifteen (15) years of age at the time of the commission of the offense on possession of drugs but not more
than eighteen (18) years of age at the time when judgment should have been promulgated after having been
found guilty of said offense
 may be given the benefits of a suspended sentence

following conditions:
(a) He/she has not been previously convicted of violating any provision RA 9165,RA 6425 or RPC, or of any special
penal laws;
(b) He/she has not been previously committed to a Center or to the care of a DOH-accredited physician; and
(c) The Board favorably recommends that his/her sentence be suspended.

 he/she shall be under the supervision and rehabilitative surveillance of the Board for a period
ranging from six (6) months to eighteen (18) months.
DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD (DDB)
Created by virtue of Republic Act 6425 otherwise known as Dangerous Drug Act of 1972 subsequently repealed by
RA 9165.
Under the Office of The President
the policy-making & strategy-formulating body in the planning & formulation of policies & programs on drug
prevention & control.
It shall develop and adopt a comprehensive, integrated, unified and balanced national drug abuse prevention and
control strategy.
DDB composed of 17 members wherein 3 of which are permanent members, the other 12 members are ex- officio
capacity and 2 regular members.
 
THREE (3) PERMANENT MEMBERS(DDB)
 At least 7 years of training and experience in the fields in law, medicine, criminology, psychology or social work.
 Appointed by the president.
One designated as the Chairman with the rank of Secretary (with the term of 6 years) and the two other regular
members as undersecretary (one with 4 years term and the other 2 years)
TWELVE (12) EX- OFFICIO MEMBERS(DDB)
Secretary or representative of the following Department:
 DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, DepEd,
 Chairman CHED, NYC
 Director General – PDEA

TWO (2) REGULAR MEMBERS(DDB)

 President of Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP).
 Chairman or President of a non- government organization involved in dangerous drug campaign to be
appointed by the President.

The Director of NBI and Chief, PNP are the permanent consultant of the DDB.
What are the Powers and Duties of the DDB? (sec.
81, Art IX)
 
1. Formulation of Drug Prevention and Control Strategy,
[Link] of Rules and Regulation to carry out the purposes of this Act.
3. Conduct policy studies and researches,
4. Develop educational programs and info drive,
5. Conduct Continuing seminars and consultations,
6. Design special training,
7. Coordination with agencies for community service programs,
8. Maintain international networking.
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) – To carry out the provisions of this Act,
the PDEA, which serves as the implementing arm of the Board, and shall be responsible for the efficient and
effective law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical as provided in this Act.
Created by RA 9165
Under the Office of The President

Headed by a Director General with the rank of Undersecretary, who shall be responsible for the general
administration and management of the Agency.
shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines.

Assisted by two (2) deputies director general with the rank of Assistant Secretary
shall likewise be appointed by the President of the Philippines upon recommendation of the Board.
POWER AND DUTIES OF PDEA
1. Cause the effective and efficient implementation of the national drug control strategy.
2. Enforcement of the provisions of Art II of this Act,
3. Undertake investigation; make arrest and apprehension of violators and seizure and confiscation
ofdangerous drugs,
4. Establish forensic laboratories,
5. Administer oath and issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum relative to the conduct of
investigation involving the violations of RA 9165;
6. Filing of appropriate drug cases,
7. Conduct eradication programs,
8. Maintain a national drug intelligence system,
9. Close coordination with local and international drug agencies.
Jurisdiction Over Dangerous Drugs Cases
The Supreme Court shall designate special courts from among the existing Regional Trial Courts in each judicial
region to exclusively try and hear cases involving violations of this Act.
The DOJ shall designate special prosecutors to exclusively handle cases involving violations of this Act.
ῼPreliminary investigation of cases filed shall be terminated within a period of thirty (30) days from the date of
their filing.
a. by a public prosecutor- information shall be filed in court within twenty-four (24) hours from the
termination of the investigation. 

b. by a judge -information shall be filed by the proper prosecutor within forty-eight (48) hours from
the date of receipt of the records of the case.

ῼTrial of the case- shall be finished by the court not later than sixty (60) days from the date of the filing of the
information.
ῼDecision- shall be rendered within a period of fifteen (15) days from the date of submission of the case for
resolution.
 PROFILE OF DRUG ABUSERS
(Facility Based) CY 2022
AGE Mean age of 33 years; Median of 33 years

SEX  Ratio of Male to Female 10:1

CIVIL STATUS Single (53.03%)
STATUS OF EMPLOYMENT Employed (62.30%) (Worker/Employees,
Businessman and Self-Employed)
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT High School Level (27.33%)
ECONOMIC STATUS  Average Family Income Php 15,142.03
PLACE OF RESIDENCE Urban Core (Specifically NCR 20.13%)
DURATION OF DRUG USE More than six (6) years
NATURE OF DRUG TAKING Mono drug use
DRUGS/SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Codeine Phosphate (Robitussin)
Benzodiazepines (Depressant)