Date : 25.02.
2017
Session : I
Topic : computer Fundamentals
Faculty : Dr. Boshir Ahmed
Professor
Department of CSE, RUET
E mail: [email protected]
Source: CCE-EDUSAT
CONTENTS
• Overview
• Introduction to Computers
– Characteristics of Computers
– History/Evolution
– Generation of Computers
Introduction To Computers
• Definition:
• Its an electronic Device that is used for information
Processing.
• Computer.. Latin word.. compute
• Calculation Machine
• A computer system includes a computer,
peripheral devices, and software
Introduction To Computers
• Accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output
• Input refers to whatever is sent to a Computer system
• Data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas
• Processing is the way that a computer manipulates data
• A computer processes data in a device called the central
processing unit (CPU)
Introduction To Computers
• Memory is an area of a computer that holds data that is waiting to
be processed, stored, or output
• Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis
• Computer output is the result produced by the computer
• An output device displays, prints or transmits the results of
processing
Introduction To Computers
Introduction To Computers
Computer
Performs computations and makes logical decisions
Millions / billions times faster than human beings
Computer programs
Sets of instructions for which computer processes data
Hardware
Physical devices of computer system
Software
Programs that run on computers
• Definition:
• Introduction To Computer Software
• Operating system
• Problem solving Techniques
• Computer Prog ramming languages
• Computer Threats
Introduction To Computers
• Capabilities of Computers
• Huge Data Storage
• Input and Output
• Processing
Introduction To Computers
• Characteristics of Computers
• High Processing Speed
• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Versatility
Introduction To Computers
History Of Computers
•Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were made
with an abacus
Invented around 500BC, available in many
cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan, Greece,
Rome, etc.)
•In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician,
physicist, philosopher) invented a mechanical
calculator called the Pascaline
•In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (German
mathematician, philosopher) extended the Pascaline to
do multiplications, divisions, square roots: the Stepped
Reckoner
None of these machines had memory, and they
required human intervention at each step
• In 1822 Charles Babbage (English
mathematician, philosopher), sometimes called
the “father of computing” built the Difference
Engine
• Machine designed to automate the computation
(tabulation) of polynomial functions (which
are known to be good approximations of many
useful functions)
– Based on the “method of finite difference”
– Implements some storage
• In 1833 Babbage designed the Analytical
Engine, but he died before he could build it
– It was built after his death, powered by
steam
Introduction To Computers
Generations of Computers
Introduction To Computers
• Generation of Computers
• First Generation (1946-59)
• Second Generation(1959-64)
• Third Generation(1965-70)
• Fourth Generation(1970-90)
• Fifth Generation(1990 till date)
Introduction To Computers
Generation 0: Mechanical Calculators
Generation 1: Vacuum Tube Computers
Generation 2: Transistor Computers
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits
Generation 4: Microprocessors
Introduction To Computers
First Second Third Fourth Gen.
Gen. Gen. Gen.
Integrated
Microchips
Vacuum Circuits
Technology Transistors (millions of
Tubes (multiple
transistors)
transistors)
Tiny - Palm
Pilot is as
Filled
Filled half powerful as
Size Whole Smaller
a room old building
Buildings
sized
computer
Introduction To Computers
Some Pictures…..
Generation 1 : ENIAC
The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was unveiled in 1946:
the first all-electronic, general-purpose digital computer
CPU Memory
I/O
System
Generation 2: IBM7094
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits
Seymour Cray created the Cray Research
Corporation
Cray-1: $8.8 million, 160 million
instructions per seconds and 8 Mbytes of
memory
Generation 4: VLSI Improvements to IC technology made it
possible to integrate more and more transistors
in a single chip
SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10-100
MSI (Medium Scale Integration): 100-
1,000
LSI (Large Scale Integration): 1,000-
10,000
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration):
Microprocessors >10,000
Generation 5?
The term “Generation 5” is used sometimes to refer to all
more or less “sci fi” future developments
Voice recognition
Artificial intelligence
Quantum computing
Bio computing
Nano technology
Learning
Natural languages
