SOLID FIGURE
Alvin G. Bansil
Chapter Outline
◦ Polyhedra
◦Prisms and Cylinders
◦Pyramids and Cones
◦Sphere
LESSON 1:
POLYHEDRA
Alvin G. Bansil
DEFINITION
A POLYHEDRON (PLURAL POLYHEDRA OR
POLYHEDRONS) IS A SOLID WHICH IS BOUNDED BY
POLYGONS JOINED AT THEIR EDGES. THE BOUNDING
POLYGONS ARE THE FACES OF THE POLYHEDRON, THE
INTERSECTION OF THESE FACES ARE THE EDGES, AND
THE INTERSECTIONS OF THESE EDGES ARE THE
VERTICES.
DEFINITION
A REGULAR POLYHEDRON OR PLATONIC SOLID IS A
POLYHEDRON WHOSE FACES ARE CONGRUENT
REGULAR POLYGONS AND WHOSE POLYHEDRAL
ANGLES ARE EQUAL. AMONG THE BASIC TYPES OF
POLYHEDRA ARE THE PRISMS (CUBE AND
RECTANGULAR SOLIDS) AND THE PYRAMIDS
POLYHEDRA ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF FACES.
THE LEAST NUMBER OF FACES THAT A POLYHEDRON CAN CONTAIN
IS 4. THIS TYPE OF POLYHEDRON IS CALLED TETRAHEDRON, ALSO
KNOWN AS TRIANGULAR PYRAMID.
OTHER TYPES OF POLYHEDRAL WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING
PARTS AND PROPERTIES ARE GIVEN IN THE TABLE BELOW.
POLYHEDRON FACES NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
FACES EDGES VERTICES
TETRAHEDRON TRIANGLE 4 6 4
HEXAHEDRON SQUARE 6 12 8
OCTAHEDRON TRIANGLE 8 12 6
DODECAHEDRON PENTAGON 12 30 20
ICOSAHEDRON TRIANGLE 20 30 12
FIGURE OF REGULAR POLYHEDRONS AND THEIR NETS.
FACTS ABOUT REGULAR POLYHEDRONS.
1. REGULAR POLYHEDRONS OF THE SAME NUMBER OF FACES ARE
SIMILAR.
2. IN ANY REGULAR POLYHEDRONS, THE NUMBER OF EDGES IS
EQUAL TO ONE HALF THE PRODUCT OF THE NUMBER OF POLYGONS
AND THE NUMBER OF SIDES IN EACH POLYGON. THAT IS,
WHERE IS THE NUMBER OF EDGES, IS THE NUMBER OF POLYGONS
ENCLOSING THE POLYHEDRON, AND IS THE NUMBER OF SIDES IN
EACH POLYGON.
FACTS ABOUT REGULAR POLYHEDRONS.
3. THE NUMBER OF VERTICES OF ANY REGULAR POLYHEDRON IS
GIVEN BY THE FORMULA
4. TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF A REGULAR POLYHEDRON
WHERE IS THE NUMBER OF POLYGONS ENCLOSING THE
POLYHEDRON, AND IS THE NUMBER OF SIDES IN EACH POLYGON.
FACTS ABOUT REGULAR POLYHEDRONS.
5. DIHEDRAL ANGLE
WHERE DENOTES THE DIHEDRAL ANGLE BETWEEN ANY TWO
ADHACENT FACES, IS THE NUMBER OF FACES AT ONE VERTEX, AND
IS THE NUMBER OF SIDES IN EACH POLYGON.
FACTS ABOUT REGULAR POLYHEDRONS.
6. VOLUME OF A REGULAR POLYHEDRON
WHERE IS THE NUMBER OF POLYGONS ENCLOSING THE
POLYHEDRON, IS THE LENGTH OF AN EDGE, AND IS THE NUMBER
OF SIDES IN EACH POLYGON.
LESSON 2:
PRISMS AND CYLINDERS
Alvin G. Bansil
DEFINITION
A PRISM IS A TYPE OF POLYHEDRON WHOSE
CONGRUENT BASES LIE IN PARALLEL PLANES.
EVERY SECTION OF A PRISM THAT IS PARALLEL TO
ITS BASE HAS THE SAME AREA AS THAT OF THE
BASE. A PRISM CAN BE DESCRIBED AS A THREE-
DIMENSIONAL SOLID FORMED BY DRAGGING A
POLYGON THROUGH SPACE TO A CERTAIN HEIGHT
WITHOUT ROTATING OR TILTING THE POLYGON.
DEFINITION
THE PLANES WHERE THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL
SHAPE OR POLYGON BEGINS AND ENDS ARE THE
BASES OF THE PRISM. THE REMAINING FACES ARE
CALLED LATERAL FACES. THE INTERSECTIONS OF
THE LATERAL FACES ARE CALLED LATERAL EDGES.
THE PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
BASES IS THE HEIGHT OR ALTITUDE OF THE PRISM.
FIGURE OF A PRISM AND ITS PARTS.
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF A PRISM.
1. THE LATERAL FACES OF A PRISM ARE EITHER RECTANGLES OR
PARALLELOGRAMS. IF EACH BASE OF A RIGHT PRISM IS A
REGULAR POLYGON OF n SIDES, THE PRISM CONTAINS n NUMBER
OF CONGRUENT LATERAL FACES WHICH ARE RECTANGLES.
2. THE SECTIONS OF A PRISM MADE BY PARALLEL PLANES
INTERSECTING ALL THE LATERAL EDGES ARE CONGRUENT
POLYGONS.
3. THE BASES OF A PRISM ARE CONGRUENT POLYGONS.
4. EVERY SECTION MADE BY A PLANE PARALLEL TO THE BASE IS
CONGRUENT TO THE BASE.
5. THE LATERAL EDGES OF A PRISM ARE PARALLEL AND EQUAL.
FACTS ABOUT PRISMS.
6. LATERAL SURFACE AREA OF A PRISM
WHERE IS THE LATERAL SURFACE AREA, IS THE PERIMETER OF A
RIGHT SECTION, AND IS THE LENGTH OF THE LATERAL EDGE.
7. TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF A PRISM
WHERE IS THE AREA OF THE BASE
FACTS ABOUT PRISMS.
8. VOLUME OF A PRISM
WHERE IS THE VOLUME, IS THE AREA OF THE BASE, AND IS THE
HEIGHT OR ALTITUDE OF THE PRISM.
DEFINITION
A CYLINDRICAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE
GENERATED BY A STRAIGHT LINE WHICH MOVES
ALONG A FIXED CURVE, AND WHICH REMAINS
PARALLEL TO A FIXED LINE NOT ON THE CURVE.
DEFINITION
A CYLINDER IS A SOLID BOUNDED BY A CLOSED
CYLINDRICAL SURFACE AND TWO PARALLEL
PLANES CUTTING ALL THE ELEMENTS OF THE
SURFACE. THE TWO PARALLEL PLANES ARE
CALLED THE BASES OF THE CYLINDER, AND THE
CYLINDRICAL SURFACE IS CALLED THE LATERAL
FACE.
DEFINITION
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO BASES OF A
CYLINDER IS THE ALTITUDE. IN A CYLINDER, THE
ELEMENTS ARE PARALLEL AND EQUAL, AND THE
SECTIONS ARE CONGRUENT. A SECTION
PERPENDICULAR TO ALL THE ELEMENTS IS A
RIGHT SECTION OF A CYLINDER.
FIGURE OF A CYLINDER, ITS NET, AND ITS PARTS.
FACTS ABOUT CYLINDERS.
1. LATERAL SURFACE AREA OF A CYLINDER
WHERE IS THE LATERAL SURFACE AREA, IS THE RADIUS OF THE
CYLINDER, AND IS THE HEIGTH OR ALTITUDE OF THE CYLINDER.
2. TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF A CYLINDER
FACTS ABOUT CYLINDERS.
3. VOLUME OF A CYLINDER
WHERE IS THE VOLUME, IS THE RADIUS OF THE BASE, AND IS THE
HEIGHT OR ALTITUDE OF THE PRISM.
End of Lesson
