CROP PROTECTION MACHINERY

Prepared by: GROUP III

Crop Protection Machinery
 are equipment used to apply insecticides, pesticides,
herbicides to the crops to protect from insects pests and
plant diseases. The most common equipment are sprayers,
dusters and weeders.

Pest Control Methods

 In agricultural production a pest is anything that impedes
or competes with the desired crop. The pest may be other
plants (weeds), insects, fungi or diseases. Control of these
pests is accomplished by chemical means, nonchemical
treatments, or a combination of measures sometimes
known as integrated pest management (IPM).
Non-Chemical Control Methods
This includes:
 Weeding
 Thermal Treatments
 Vacuum
 Biological Pest-control equipment 

Chemical Control Methods

This includes:
 Spraying
 Dusting
Sprayer
is a machine that applies liquid chemicals on plants in
the form of droplets. Sprayer is used for the following
purpose:
 Application of herbicides to remove weeds.
 Application of fungicides to minimize fungus
diseases.
 Application of insecticides to control insect pests.
 Application of micro nutrients on the plants.
Basic Components of a Sprayer
Components of a sprayer are as follows
 a) Pump
 b) Chemical tank
 c) agitator
 d) Air chamber
 e) pressure gauge
 f) Pressure regulator
 g) valves
 h) Strainer
 i) suction line
 j) delivery line
 k) nozzles
Classification of Sprayers
Based up on the volume of liquid handled, sprayers may be
classified in to:
1. High volume sprayer (more than 400 litres /ha)
2. Low volume sprayer (5 to 400 litres/ hectare)
3. Ultra low volume sprayer (ULV) spray (less than 5 litres /ha).
 
 The selection technique depends up on type of vegetation, kind
of pests and approach to the field.
 Types of Sprayers
Hand Atomizer

 Container capacity of 0.5 to 3.5 litres

 The outer end of the pipe terminates in a nozzle with
0.6 – 1.6 mm diameter orifice. The container is filled
to approximately three-fourth of its capacity and air is
compressed on the remaining space by means of the
pump.
 The application rate ranges from 18 to 45 litres per
acre.
 It is ideal for small nurseries, rose plants, kitchen
gardens and spraying wettable insecticide and
fungicides.
 Knapsack Sprayer
 This sprayer is suitable for applying chemicals to several field crops.
 The operator carries the sprayer on his back and hence the name
knapsack sprayer.
 It has a flat or bean-shaped tank of 10-15 litres capacity, a hydraulic
pump fitted inside the tank, a handle to operate the pump, agitator,
filter, delivery hose, and spray gun with nozzle and flow control lever.
 The tank is made of either brass or PVC material. The tank is filled with
chemical solution. When the pump is operated, it draws the fluid
through the suction hole and delivers it to the spray gun. When the cut
off lever is pressed spraying is done through the nozzle as fine droplets.
 The pressure developed in these sprayers depends on the pump and
varies from 43 to 171 psi. The application rate is 500 lit/ha. The
coverage is 0.5-1.0 ha/day.
Knapsack Sprayer continued…

• A versatile sprayer for spraying, against

pests, diseases of vegetable crops and other
short growing crops used for small holdings.

Knapsack Sprayer

• Knapsack power sprayer work on same

principle of knapsack sprayer but build up
pressure and results in high discharge
covering large area.
• It is suitable for spraying pesticides and
fungicides on rice, fruits and vegetable
crops. Knapsack Power Sprayer
 Knapsack Sprayer continued…

• This High Pressure Knapsack Sprayer is for

outdoor work such as garden, vegetable
plots or for crops.

High Pressure
Knapsack Sprayer
Rocker Sprayer
• This sprayer consists of pump assembly,
platform with frame and fork, operating lever,
pressure chamber, suction hose with strainer,
delivery hose, extension rod with spray
nozzles.
• The rocking movement of the handle helps in
building pressure in the pressure chamber.
There is no built in tank and separate spray
tank is necessary.
• The sprayer builds up a high pressure of 199-
256 psi. In some it may be as much as 512 psi.
• It can therefore be used for spraying the field
crops. The sprayer is popular in some of the
coconut areas. Long hose connections up to 30
m are made to one or two outlets.
Foot or Pedal Operated Sprayer
• Consist of plunger assembly, stand, suction hose,
delivery hose, extension rod with a spray nozzle.
• One end of the suction hose is fitted with strainer
and the other with a flexible coupling.
• Foot instead of hand operates it, but the principle
is the same as in case of the rocker sprayer.
• The pump is fitted on iron stand and a pedal
attached to the plunger rod operates the sprayer
by its upward and downward movement.
• This sprayer also does not have a built-in tank.
Constant pedalling is required for continuous
spray. It develops a pressure of 241-299 psi.
• It is easy to operate and can be used for spraying
tall crops as well as fruit trees.
 
Power Sprayes
• It is a heavy duty and efficient
sprayer. It consists of a triplex pump
with stainless steel piston with oil
bath lubrication. It can develop 250 to
350 pounds pressure and can deliver Mini Power
the solution up to 15 m. Sprayer
• It can be powered by a 3 HP engine or High Tech
electric motor .It is convenient to Power Sprayer

spray with 4 to 6 spray lances at a

time using the sprayer.
• These sprayers can be operated by
Piston Power
tractor PTO as well as by a power Sprayer
tiller.
Power Sprayer
Battery Sprayer
• The battery operated sprayer developed
consists of a 10 litre capacity plastic tank
and a 6 Volt rechargeable battery both fixed
in a frame which is carried on the back of
the operator.
• A plastic spinning disc along with a micro
motor is fitted at the end of an aluminium
handle. Chemical is taken from the tank to
the spinning disc through a plastic hose.
• A cut off valve is provided in the hose line
to stop of flow of spray fluid when desired.
The salient features of the unit are light in
weight, less water requirement & low cost.
• For spraying chemicals on crops like paddy,
groundnut, pulses and vegetables.
Hand Compression Sprayer
• This sprayers is similar to the hand
atomizer but are adopted for spraying
large quantities of liquids. They are
more easily operated than the knapsack
sprayer.
• The typical hand compression sprayer
comprises a tank for holding spray
material and compressed air, vertical air
pump with a handle, filling port, spray
lance with nozzle and release and shut-
off devices.
• It is used in kitchen gardens, nurseries,
vegetable gardens, flower crops and
field crops.
 
Stirrup Sprayer

• It consists of a single or double

acting pump, placed into any
ordinary bucket containing spraying
solution to create required pressure
to spray small garden and low trees.
• It is used for spraying in orchards,
nurseries, flower crops, vegetable
gardens etc.
Tractor Mounted Sprayers

• These sprayers are designed to spray pesticide solution

over a large area. They are most often used in agriculture,
forestry and right-of way pest control operations.

• They deliver low to moderate application rates, usually 50

to 500 L/ha, at working pressures ranging from 150 to 500
kPa. The most common booms are between 6 and 10 m
long and contain nozzles spaced at 50 to 100 cm intervals.
Tractor Mounted Sprayers continued…

• Designed for economic and

effective application of
pesticides, weedicides and
fertilizers in farm crops.
Boom Sprayer

• For spraying on field crops,

tall trees, orchards and
plantations.

Tycoon Sprayer
Power Sprayers for Mango (from PAES Standards)

Frame mounted power sprayer

Hand-pushed wheel-mounted power sprayer

Towed wheel-mounted power sprayer

 Performance test of power sprayer for mango
This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the equipment.
• The noise emitted by the power sprayer shall be measured 50 mm away from the
operator’s ear level and one meter away from the source of noise. This shall be
recorded in Annex C.

• The fuel consumption of the engine of the power sprayer shall be obtained by
measuring the volume of fuel refilled after the test. The tank shall be filled to full
capacity before and after each trial.

• Discharge rate of the power sprayer shall be obtained either by directly using a
graduated cylinder and getting the time or by measuring the volume of liquid
required to refill the power sprayer after spraying and getting the total time to
consume the liquid. Discharge rate shall be computed in Annex D.

• The sprayer range shall be obtained by determining the distance of the spray droplet
blown from the nozzle. The operator shall measure the longest reach of the droplet
from the tip of the nozzle. Wind speed in the test site shall be measured and
recorded.
 Performance test of power sprayer for mango continued…
• The power sprayer shall be tested for uniformity of droplet sizes. The pressure shall
be set on the manufacturer’s recommended setting. The power sprayer shall be
allowed to pass over a series of magnesium oxide coated glass slides. The slides shall
be examined under a microscope. Droplet sizes shall be recorded. In the absence of
magnesium oxide coated glass slides, the tank shall be filled with a solution of dye.
The spray shall pass over a series of collecting paper or glass slides. The dried paper,
slides or their photographs shall be examined under a microscope. The mean
diameter and percent uniformity shall be computed using the formula in Annex D.
The volume median diameter (VMD) and the number median diameter (NMD) shall
be obtained. The ratio of the VMD to the NMD shall be obtained

• Condition of power sprayer after the test shall be compared to its initial condition.

• Welded parts shall be inspected.

• All data shall be recorded in Annex C.

 Performance Requirements of power sprayer for mango
 
• The power sprayer shall not produce noise higher than 92 db measured one meter
away from the source of noise.
• The power sprayer shall produce uniformly-sized droplets.
• The power sprayer shall have an operating pressure of 1.21 MPa (175 psi) to 1.75
MPa (250 psi).
• The power sprayer shall have a discharge rate of at least 15 Lpm.
 
Airplane Sprayer
• It consists of gear pump or
centrifugal pump to force/ to
spray liquid through the
nozzle with the pressure range
of 43-121 psi.
• The pump gets its drive from a
wind driven propeller having
4-6 blades. Lightweight
aluminum tank of capacity of
450-2200 liters is used to store
the liquid depending upon the
size of plane.
• It is used to cover large areas
such as wheat and rice fields.
Duster
is a machine used to apply chemicals in dust form.
Dusters make use of air stream to carry pesticides in
finely divided form on the plants.

A duster essentially consists of

 1. Hopper
 2. Agitator
 3. Feed control
 4. Fan or blower
 5. Delivery nozzle
 Types of Dusters
Plunger Type

 It is a simple duster with a small

piston. The piston drives a current of
air over the dust in the hopper. The
dust is carried away through a delivery
spout.
 Small hand pump dusters of this type
are available and are suitable only
where the area to be dusted is small
like vegetable gardens.
 Knapsack Type

 It is a duster with the powder container

carried on the back of the operator.
Knapsack dusters have a hopper
through which a current of air is blown
to pick up the dust.
 The air current is produced by a lever
operated leather bellows. Shoulder
straps are used to carry in the field.
 This duster is suitable for small areas.
 Knapsack Motorized Mist Blower cum Duster

 It consists of a 1.2- 3.0 hp high speed petrol

engine, a blower, a 12 lit chemical tank,
delivery hose, fleeted air hose, flow regulator
knob and a plastic atomizer grate. The tank is
filled with the required chemical solution.
 When the engine is started, the blower
generates a high velocity air to which the
chemical solution is fed. The chemical mixed
air stream is broken in to fine droplets at the
atomizer grate and sprayed.
 It is used for spraying all types of field crops
most popularly to paddy, groundnut, cotton
and vegetable crops
 Rotary Duster

 It consists of a hopper, a fan, gear box, handle,

delivery hose and a deflector plate. When the
handle is rotates the fan rotates at high speed
and draws air from outside. The chemical from
hopper is fed in to the air stream in the suction
side of the fan.
 The chemical mixes with the air, passes
through the delivery line and is applied on the
plants. The rate of delivery can be regulated.
 It is used to apply powdery chemicals to
vegetables, sorghum etc. crops.
 Power Operated Duster

 Power operated duster mainly consists of a

power driven fan, a hopper and a delivery
spout. The fan creates strong air flow which
causes the dust to blow off from the hopper to
a considerable distance vertically or
horizontally.
 Direction of dust is regulated by a movable
spout suitably fitted with the unit.
  This type of duster is used for large areas
 Arial Duster

 Aerial spraying and dusting permit prompt

coverage of large areas at the moment when
application of pesticide is most effective
and avoid the need for wheeled vehicles
that might damage crops.
 The technique was greatly improved in the
1960s with the development of ultra-low-
volume applicators, in which concentrated
pesticides are distributed in amounts as
small as 1 ounce per acre (70 grams per
hectare).
 Used for dusting or spraying large acreages
with pesticides
Weeders
 Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an
agricultural land.

Weeds
 Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with
the main crop for nutrients, moisture and sunlight.
 The classification of weeders
By design of soil working part
Blade type
 
• Type of weeder with rectangular, triangular or crescent shapes with
cutting edges sharpened and hardened
 The classification of weeders
By design of soil working part continued…
Tine type

• Type of weeder with a straight, curved, round or square cross-section

steel rods with sharply pointed and hardened soil engaging ends.
 The classification of weeders
By design of soil working part continued…
Rotary type

• Type of weeder with curved or straight spikes or puddles radially

attached to a common axle, which rotate to uproot and bury weeds.
 The classification of weeders
By power source
1. Manually-operated weeders
 
a. Hand-held weeder

• Type of weeder which utilize either blade or tine type of soil working parts with
short (0.15 m to 0.5 m), medium (>0.5 m to 1 m) and long (>1 m) handles.
 
 The classification of weeders
By power source
b. Push-type weeder (manually operated)

• Type of weeder which utilizes either blade, tine or rotary soil working parts for
dry and wet field weeding
 The classification of weeders
By power source continued…
2. Animal- drawn weeder

• Type of weeder in which soil working parts are mounted on a frame or tool bar
and pulled by an animal for dry field weeding
 The classification of weeders
By power source continued…
3. Power-weeder

• Type of rotary weeder driven by its own engine for wet field weeding.
 The classification of weeders
By power source continued…
4. Tractor-mounted weeder

• Type of weeder in which soil working parts are mounted on a frame or tool bar
and pulled by either two- or four-wheel tractor for dry field weeding.
 Field Performance Test of Weeder
•  This is carried out to test the field performance of the weeder.
• The test shall be carried out on a dry and/or wet field where the conditions of the field
are to be recorded.

Test Conditions

1. Size of the Area per Trial

 
Weeding operation shall be done in fields of not less than 20 m2 for hand-held, 100
m2 for push-type, 250 m2 for animal-drawn, 500 m2 for two-wheel tractor-drawn and
1000 m2 for four-wheel tractor-drawn weeders. The plot shall be rectangular in shape
with sides in the ratio of 2:1 as much as possible.
 Test Condition continued…
2. Planting Pattern

The planting patterns for dry and wet fields shall be used. The distance between
rows (dr) for dry and wet fields shall be at least 75 cm (corn) and 20 cm (rice),
respectively.

Recommended Planting Pattern for the Test Area

 
 Test Condition continued…
3. Operational Pattern for Tractor-drawn Weeders
Field capacity and field efficiency are influenced by field operational pattern which
is closely related to the size and shape of the field, the kind and size of implement. The
non-working time should be eliminated as much as possible using the recommended field
operational pattern.

Recommended Field Operational Pattern

 Test Condition continued…
4. Traveling Speed
 
 For four-wheel tractor-drawn weeders, a traveling speed of 5 kph to 6 kph shall be
maintained during the operation.
 
 For two-wheel tractor-drawn weeders, a traveling speed of 3 kph to 4 kph shall be
maintained during the operation.
 
 For animal-drawn weeders, a traveling speed of 2 kph to 4 kph shall be maintained
during the operation.

5. Test Trials

The test shall be conducted with at least three test trials.

 
6. Headland

Depending on the tractor size, headland shall be at least 3 m in length.

 
Verification of Operating Speed
  Along the length of the test plot, two poles 20 m apart (A, B) are placed
approximately in the middle of the test run. On the opposite side two poles are also placed
in similar position, 20 m apart (C, D) so that all four poles form corners of a rectangle,
parallel to at least one long side of the test plot.

The speed will be calculated from the time required for the weeder to travel the
distance (20 m) between the assumed line connecting two poles on opposite sides AC and
BD. The easily visible point of the machine should be selected for measuring the time.
The starting position shall be at least 2 to 5 m from poles A and C to stabilize speed
before measuring and recording data. Tractor shall be operated at rated rpm. The same
procedure shall be used in determining the actual operating speed for other types of
weeder.
Verification of Operating Speed

Measurement of Operating Speed for Tractor-drawn Weeder

Weeding Efficiency
  Prior to weeding operation, ten strips with 1-meter length shall be randomly selected
and marked on the unweeded land. All the weeds on each strip shall be recorded as W1.
After weeding operation, the weeds on each of the ten marked strips shall be recorded as
W2. Weeding efficiency can be computed based on the following formula:

Marked Strip for Assessment of Weeding Efficiency

Sprayer

Specification
Metal Pump with connecting Rod, lubrication by engine oil and grease. Engine
Farmech SE260 D.

Model C 868

Specifications of Knapsack Power Sprayers: Displacement (CC) 25.4 cm3

Tank capacity: 20liters. Minimum Engine Power KW/

0.88/8000
Spraying volume: 8 l/min.
Starting System Recoil Starter
Piston pump pressure: 400 psi.
Fuel 2T Oil 40 ml per 1 Ltr of Petrol
Suction Volume: 8-10L/min.
Fuel Tank Capacity 900Ml
Motor: 26cc.
20 Lit
  Water Tank Capacity
Spray Distance 5 to 6 Mtrs

Plunger Size 16 mm

Pressure 6 Lit Delivery/Minute

Sprayer

Specification
Model C - 300 Trolly Mounted Sprayer

Specification Engine Type GX-160 HONDA Petrol Engine

Engine Honda Gx-35 Displacement CC 163 cm3 /4.8 HP

CC 39 cc, 1.8 Hp. Starting System Recoil Starter

Pump Plunger Rod with 2 Connecting Rods

Fuel Tank Capacity 3. ltrs
Suction 12 Ltr per Minute
Engine Oil Capacity 0.6 Lit
Working Pressure 5 to 30 Kg Cm2
Weight 15 Kg
Maximum Pressure 50 Kg Cm2
For Pump 0.55 Liter
Spray Distance 5 to 8 Mtr.

Delivery Hose 50 mtr. MODEL TS 60

Spray Lance 3 Ft. Straight Spray Gun Pump 3 Piston Pump

Fuel Pure Petrol (Do not mixi 2T Oil)

RPM 800 Spraying time, 1000 RPM Irrigation
Time
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
 Credits to Engr. Vincent Dangan