Multi-Events
Multi- Events
•Decathlon
•Heptathlon
•Pentathlon
• Decathlon
-The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting
of ten track and field events.
-The word "decathlon" was from the Greek origin δέκα
(déka, meaning "ten") and ἄθλος (áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon,
meaning "contest" or “prize”).
- The Decathlons is contested mainly by male athletes.
There are ten modalities
in decathlon:
- Long jump High jump
- 100 m Sprint 400 m Sprint
- Discusss throw 110 m hurdles
- Pole vault Javelin throw
- Shot put 1500 m run
Day 1
- Runners exert full speed in running a
short distance race.
- 100,200 and 400 meter dash are the
sprint event in athletics .
Sprint - Starting position called crouch start .
Sprint Equipment
Sprint Safety Measure
Runners must remain in their assigned lane
for the entire race. If a runner crosses into
another runner's lane and is caught, officials will
disqualify him from the race.
Basic rules and regulations of Sprint
-Sprinters should run in designated lanes and cannot cross
lanes, throughout the race.
-Sprinters shouldn’t step on white lines that mark their lanes
throughout the race.
- Athletes may leave the track voluntarily before the race ends,
but they cannot come back to the track else they will be
disqualified.
Long jump
The long jump is a track and field event in which
athletes combine speed, strength and agility in an attempt
to leap as far as possible from a takeoff point.
Long Jump Equipment
Safety measures and safety strategies
LONG JUMP the following
safety strategies must be
employed: Rake landing pits
before any jumping takes
place. Any solid or sharp
objects must be removed.
Ensure the take-off board is
clearly visible (and preferably
painted white), flat and level
with the ground surface.
Rules and regulations of long jump
- You can only have one start mark on the runway.
- You only get six jumps and you cannot retake them.
- If you jump past the board your jump does not
count.
- The judge measure the closest part of your landing
from the board .
High jump
-Athletes starts by running to
build momentum.
- After jumping over the
crossbar jumpers will be in a
downward motion landing on
a big cushion.
High Jump Equipment
High Jump Safety Measure
The take off area should be flat, dry and well
mowed (if grass). Use a flexi bar when athletes are
in the early learning stages. The bags should be
covered by a one-piece cover or strapped together.
Safety straps should be used to protect the bar
falling under the athlete when it is dislodged.
Two technique in High jump
Fosbury Flop Scissors kick
Rules and regulations of High jump
-The jumper must leave the ground from one foot, not two.
-The player who has fewer misses at the height at which the tie has
occurred, is declared as winner.
-The player who has fewest misses in the overall tournament is declared
as winner.
-During the final match, whoever clears above the bar with highest height
is declared as winner.
-If the competitor fails to jump the required height in three consecutive
attempts then he/she will be disqualified from the competition.
Shot put
The shot put is a track and field event involving
"putting" (pushing rather than throwing)[1] a heavy
spherical ball—the shot—as far as possible.
Shot Put Equipment
Shot Put Safety Measure
Never allow athletes to throw anywhere other
than into the landing sector. Keep participants who
are waiting their turn to put well back from the circle.
Judges should stand on the outside of the sector
lines and always be alert. Make sure the shot is
smooth and there are no unsafe edges.
Rules and regulations of Shot put
- Once the athlete's name is called, they have 60 seconds to release the
shot.
- The shot must be placed close to the neck and resting on the shoulder,
while keeping it in that position the entire time until it is released. No
padding or extra equipment is necessary.
- The shot must be released above the height of the shoulder with one .
- Once the thrower takes a stance in the circle to start a put, the shot
should be touching or very close to the chin and neck.
- Do not drop your hand once in this position, and make sure you do not
bring the shot behind the shoulder.
Day 2
Hurdles are event in
athletics wherein
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runners jump over
obstacles or barrier
set in the track.
110m
Hurdles
Hurdles Equipment
Hurdles Safety Measure
Is very important when hurdling. Only hurdle on a dry surface not on
any slippery surface and it is especially dangerous on wet
grassEquipmentsHurdles
Rules and regulations of 110m Hurdles
Following situations leads to the disqualification of the athlete from
the competition-
•Pushing the hurdle with the hands
•Running out of one’s designated lane
•Rules :
-Eachh athlete must pass over the hurdles; passing under or
intentionally knocking over hurdles will result in disqualification.
- Accidental knocking over of hurdles is not cause for disqualification,
but the hurdles are weighted to make doing so disadvantageous.
Discus throw
Disk plate
Discus is an actual test of
athletics. In the discussion the
intention is throwing a circular
heavy object called disk far as
possible.
Discus Throw Equipment
Discus Throw Safety Measure
Participants should not lean on or touch the cage while waiting for
their turn. Make sure the discus is smooth and there are no unsafe edges.
Make sure the sector lines extend well past the largest throw you are
expecting and mark these with a red flag. Carry the discus back after each
throw.
Rules and regulations of Discus Throw
- The discus can be made of any material such as wood but it must have a
circular edge with a metallic rim.
- All sides of the discus should be identical. They must be free from any
type of sharp edges or irregularities.
- Finishing of the discus should be smooth.
- The discus can only be thrown by an athlete when he or she will stand
inside a circle which has a diameter of 2.5m.
- There is particular boundary of landing of the disc. If the disc lands outside
that zone then that throw is considered invalid.
Pole vault
Pole vault, sport in athletics (track and field) in
which an athlete jumps over an obstacle with the
aid of a pole.
Pole Vault Equipment
Pole Vault Safety Measure
The coach, athletes and officials can all be doing their part to
help keep the event safe. This means communicating if the pole vault
pit is not centered or if there are gaps in the mats, if the pole looks or
feels too big or too small, if the box collar (that we all love) is not
positioned correctly.
Rules and regulations of Pole Vault
-On the scoring form, it is mandatory to mention the weight of the
athlete next to his name.
-At any particular height, maximum three trials are allowed.
-After thre consecutive failures in trial, the athlete is automatically
removed from the tournament.
- An athlete has to perform within two minutes of calling his name.
Javelin throw
The javelin throw is the field
event where an athlete runs
down a narrow runaway then
tosses a long.
Javelin Throw Equipment Javelin Throw Safety Measure
- During the time of throw, make sure
that no one is standing in front or
behind of the thrower. Observer should
stand at the sides of the athlete.
- From a particular position throwing
should be done and it should be
thrown in a particular pre-defined
direction.
- After the throw, carry the javelin back
to the throwing area instead of throwing it
back over there.
Rules and regulations of Javelin Throw
- Holding the javelin must be done at the grip part and should always
be maintained above the shoulder level.
- The athlete should not leave the ground until the javelin lands on the
ground.
- Using any device that may assist the thrower in throwing is strictly
prohibited. For example, tapping of fingers are not allowed unless
there is a wound.
- The time is increased to 1 minute if there are 2-3 number of
competitors. In case only one competitor is left, time is increased to 2
minutes.
1500 metres
The 1500 metres or 1,500-
metre run (typically
pronounced 'fifteen-hundred
metres') is the foremost
middle distance track event
in athletics.
1500m Run Equipment 1500m Run Safety Measure
•Get a sports physical before starting
running.
•Train sensibly, by increasing distances
and speed slowly.
•Warm up and stretch before running.
Dynamic stretching is the best kind of
stretching before a run or workout.
•Stop running if you get hurt or feel pain.
Get checked by an athletic trainer, coach,
doctor, or nurse before going back to
running.
Rules and regulations of 1500 meter run
-Sprinters should run in designated lanes and cannot cross
lanes, throughout the race.
-Before giving the ‘set’ command or before firing the starter
gun, athletes cannot touch the other side of the start line with
their hands or feet.
-Athletess should not obstruct other athletes during the race.
-Athletes may leave the track voluntarily before the race ends,
but they cannot come back to the track else they will be
disqualified.
• Heptathlon
a 7-event athletic contest specifically : a composite
contest for female athletes that consists of the 100-meter
hurdles, the high jump, the shot put, the 200-meter dash,
the long jump, the javelin throw, and the 800-meter run
The name derives from the Greek επτά (hepta,
meaning “seven”) and ἄθλος (áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon,
meaning "competition").
There are seven modalities in
Heptathlon:
Day 1 Day2
-100-meter hurdles -Long jump
-High jump -Javelin throw
- Shot put -800-meter run
-200-meter dash
Day 1
100 meter hurdles
The 100 metres hurdles, or 100-meter hurdles, is a track and field
event run mainly by women. For the race, ten hurdles of a height of 83.8
centimetres are placed along a straight course of 100 metres. The first
hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13 metres from the starting line.
100m Hurdles Equipment
100m Hurdles Safety Measure
Is very important when hurdling. Only hurdle on a dry surface not on
any slippery surface and it is especially dangerous on wet
grassEquipmentsHurdles
Rules and regulations of 100 meter Hurdles
.
-These races take place over the 100m straight of the track
consisting of ten 2 feet 9 inches hurdles spread over the
track. The first hurdle is 13m from the start, then 8.5m
between hurdles thereafter and the last hurdle is 10.5m
from the finish.
Following situations leads to the disqualification of the
athlete from the competition-
-Pushing the hurdle with the hands.
-Running out of one’s designated lane.
High jump
An athletic event in which competitors jump
over a bar that is raised until only one competitor
can jump over it without dislodging it.
High Jump Equipment
High Jump Safety Measure
The take off area should be flat, dry and well
mowed (if grass). Use a flexi bar when
athletes are in the early learning stages. The
bags should be covered by a one-piece cover
or strapped together. Safety straps should be
used to protect the bar falling under the
athlete when it is dislodged.
Rules and regulations of High Jump
-Take-off must be made with one foot only.
-Dislodging of the bar or breaking the plane near the edge of the bar
before clearing will not be counted as successful jump.
-Jumping height is decided by the Chief Judge. Players can accept the
challenge or may pass it.
-The jumpers have to face a jump-off if there will be a tie for a first place.
-The height will be greater than the previous level. Each player will be
given one chance for each clearance
Shot put
It is held between one shoulder and the chin and is
thrown with one arm only. It cannot be held behind the
line of the shoulders.
Shot Put Equipment
Shot Put Safety Measure
Keep participants who are
waiting their turn to put, well back
from the circle. Judges should
stand on the outside of the sector
lines and always be alert. Make
sure the shot is smooth and there
are no unsafe edges.
Rules and regulations of Shot put
-The athlete is permitted to touch the inside surface of the stop board; however
neither the top nor the outside of the circle or stop board can be touched or
passed
-The shot is required to land within the legal sector (34.92░)
Fouls Occur When:
1.A player does not pause within the circle before throwing motion
2.A player allows the shot to drop below the shoulder
3.The shot lands outside the boundaries of the sector or touches the sector line
4.A player leaves the circle before the shot has landed or the competitor fails to
leave the circle from the back
5.The player touches the top/end of stop board, the top of the iron ring, or
steps or touches on/outside of the line of the circle
200 meters dash
The 200 metres, or 200-
metre dash, is a sprint
running event. On an
outdoor race 400 m track,
the race begins on the
curve and ends on the
home straight, so a
combination of techniques
are needed to successfully
run the race.
100meter dash Equipment 100meter dash Safety Measure
The track for the 200 meter
sprint must be a material that
allows for spiked running
shoes.A runner cannot run inside
the inner-most lane of the track
and must refrain from stepping
on the inner-most line of the
track that separates the track
from the
infield.EquipmentsSprinting
shoes
Rules and regulations of 200m dash
-In races with bunched starts, athletes can break
inside. they start from staggered positions and can
break inside after the first bend.
-If an athlete is obstructed, the referee may order
the race to be held again, or he may ask the athlete
to take part in the next round.
Day 2
Long jump
An athletic event in
which competitors
jump as far as
possible along the
ground in one leap.
Long Jump Equipment Long Jump Safety Measure
The following safety strategies
must be employed: Rake landing
pits before any jumping takes
place. Any solid or sharp objects
must be removed. Ensure the
take-off board is clearly visible
(and preferably painted white),
flat and level with the ground
surface.
Rules and regulations of long jump
-The athlete begins running from his or her starting position and jumps, landing in a sand
pit. There is a foul line, in the run-up area, that the athlete has to be aware of;
-Jumping from beyond this line results in a 'foul jump'. Jumpers try to get as close to the
foul line as legally possible before initiating their jump.
-No part of the athlete’s foot should cross the front edge of the foul line. If, at the point of
take-off, any part of his foot crosses the front edge of the foul line, then the jump is termed
to be illegal or a ‘foul jump’, and does not count.
-The distance or the 'jump' is measured from the front edge of the foul line to the first
landing point of the athlete, from the first point of contact.
-The distance or the 'jump' is measured from the front edge of the foul line to the first
landing point of the athlete, from the first point of contact.
Javelin throw
The Javelin throw is a track and field
event where the javelin, a spear about
2.5 m in length, is thrown. The javelin
thrower gains momentum by running
within a predetermined area. Javelin
throwing is an event of both the men's
decathlon and the women's heptathlon.
Javelin Throw Equipment Javelin Throw Safety Measure
Unless you are throwing the javelin,
hold it vertically instead of holding it
with some angle.
-Make sure that the pointing portion
is facing down.The right way to put
a javelin on the ground is to stuck it
vertically down; otherwise the
angular position may hurt
someone’s legs.
Rules and regulations of Javelin Throw
-There is a special marking line on the runway within which the athlete
needs to throw.
-After the throwing action has been made, the thrower should not turn
back towards the pointing direction, until it lands.
-The number of throws allowed per athlete is same as that of the discus
throw.
The throw will be considered as a foul in the following cases -Improper
throw of the javelin in the attempt.
-Demarking of the line with any body part.
-Player going out of the marking line while throwing
-The tip of the javelin lies outside the edges of the landing sector.
800 meter run
The 800 metres, or meters,
is a common track running
event. It is the shortest
commonly run middle-
distance running event. The
800 metres is run over two
laps of an outdoor track and
has been an Olympic event
since the first modern
games in 1896.
800 meter run equipment. 800 meter run safety measures
800 meter run Safety
measures1.races of 800m
or less, each athlete has a
separate lane at the start.
2.Races of 800m start and
continue in lanes until the
end of the first
bendEquipmentSprinting
shoes
Rules and regulations of 800 meter run
-In races with bunched starts, athletes can break
inside. In 800-meter race, they start from staggered
positions and can break inside after the first bend.
-In longer races of 1500 meters, 5000 meters, and
10000 meters, athletes can break inside after the
start.
• Pentathion
A pentathlon is a contest featuring five events.
The name is derived from Greek: combining the
words pente (five) and -athlon (competition).
Consisting of five disciplines, fencing,
swimming, running, shooting and horse riding,
Fencing
Fencing is a sport in which two
competitors fight each other using very thin
swords. The ends of the swords are
covered and the competitors wear
protective clothes, so that they do not hurt
each other.
Fencing Equipments All fencers require a
jacket, a mask, a glove,
trousers or knickers, white
stockings, flat-soled
shoes, a body cord, and a
weapon with which to
bout. In sabre and foil,
fencers additionally
require a mask cord and a
lamé made of conductive
material, which is worn
over the jacket.
Fencing Safety Measure
1.Wear proper attire
2.Weapons always pointed down
3.Weapons are pointed away from others
4.Mask are on when weapons are raised
5.Salute must be done from the enguarde lines. 6.Put away all
equipment
7.Don't wear fencing shoes outdoors
8.Inspect the mask and weapon, every time.
Fencing Rules and Regulations
•It is mandatory that fencers must salute each other before the competition commences.
Refusing to do so or forgetting this may lead to disqualification.
•Foil and sabre fencing encourages strategic moves rather than random poking. The fencer
should touch his opponent and points are credited for each hit. Whichever participant scores 15
points first wins the game.
•The strip area, where the match occurs, should be flat, with the surface measuring between
1.5 m to 2 m wide and 14 m long. Five lines should be drawn on the strip area and the first line
set at 0 m signifies out of bounds. The lone at 5 m is called the first on-guard line, the center
line is at 7 m, second on-guard line is at 9 m and other rear limit line is at 14 m.
•Every touch rewards a point to the competitor and hence, the target area is very important. In
case of a foil, the valid target areas are between the trunk and the upper limit of the collar. Valid
target areas for epee weapon include the whole body, including the clothing and the equipment.
The valid touch area for saber includes any part of the body above the horizontal line drawn
between the top of the thigh and hip area when the fencer is in the on-guard position.
•The fencer is permitted to use only one hand until the end of the
bout unless the referee gives a special permission because of
some injury on hand.
•Any touch made by the competitor after passing the opponent is
annulled, only those touches made as a fencer passes his
opponent are valid.
•The fencer must not hold any part of the electrical object under
any circumstances during competition.
•If a fencer cannot complete his bout for whatever reason, his
opponent is declared winner.
Swimming
Swimming is an
individual or team
racing sport that
requires the use of
one's entire body to
move through water.
The sport takes place
in pools or open water.
Swimming Equipments
Swimming safety
measures
When you go in the
water, swim only
where you feel
comfortable. Do not
go farther or deeper
than you can handle
Running
It is defined in sporting terms as a gait
in which at some point all feet are off the
ground at the same time. It is a form of
both anaerobic exercise and aerobic
exercise. Running is a complex, coordinated
process which involves the entire body.
Running Safety Measures
•Get a sports physical before starting running.
•Train sensibly, by increasing distances and speed slowly.
•Warm up and stretch before running. Dynamic stretching is the
best kind of stretching before a run or workout.
•Stop running if you get hurt or feel pain. Get checked by an
athletic trainer, coach, doctor, or nurse before going back to
running.
Running Equipment Running rules and
regulation
Every runner must stay
inside her lane during short
races. Middle-distance runs
may start inside assigned
lanes and then the track opens
at a certain distance. Longer
races may have staggered or
waterfall starts, where runners
starts on a curve into an open
track.
Shooting
Shooting sports is a group
of competitive and recreational
sporting activities involving
proficiency tests of accuracy,
precision and speed in shooting
— the art of using ranged
firearms, mainly referring to
man-portable guns and
bows/crossbows.
Shooting Rules and Regulations
•Treat every firearm as if it were loaded.
•Keep the barrel pointed in a safe direction.
•Never point a firearm in fun or jest.
•Keep your fingers off the trigger. Don’t rely on your firearms
safety device.
•Always wear eye and ear protection.
•Know your target and what is beyond it.
•Keep the firearm unloaded when not in use.
•Firearms must be shot from the firing line only and nowhere
else.
•All
•guns carried on or about the shooting grounds must be
held in a position of safety, with the breach open and
unloaded at all times.
•Carry the firearm so that you can control the barrel
even if you stumble.
•Load your gun with the right ammunition.
•Know the firearm you are using.
•Shooting on the grounds at any place, other than at a
legitimate target, is prohibited.
Shooting Rules and Regulations
1.Follow the 12 golden rules.
2.Know and follow all the rules of the
Shooting Range.
3.Listen and do what the Range Master
tells you to do.
4.Uncase and case your gun at the
shooting bench, never behind the safety
line.
5.Always keep the barrel pointed down
range.
6.Always keep the gun on safe until you
intend to shoot.
7.Always wear eye and ear protection
when shooting.
8.Never shoot at water or hard surfaces.
Horse riding Equestrian, which can also be
called horseback riding, can be
referred to as the skill of riding with
horses. Equestrian can be for
recreational purposes and
competitive sport. In the early 20th
century, equestrian events were
introduced in the Olympics.
Horse Riding Equipments
General safety measures around horses
Safety requires both common sense and an understanding of horses.
Horse riding is a high-risk activity, but handling horses from the ground
can be just as dangerous for the unwary. Whether a beginner or an
experienced horse keeper, safety awareness is vital both on the ground
and in the saddle. Additionally, equestrian activities often involve lifting and
carrying heavy items. Loads should be broken down to manageable
weight loads and safe lifting techniques adopted to prevent back strain.
When riding, wear boots with proper heels to prevent your feet from
slipping through the stirrups. Always wear protective headgear, properly
fitted and fastened. Keep your horse under control and maintain a secure
seat at all times.
Horse Riding Rules and Regulations
•Endurance has various phases varying from 20-40km each. The event lasts from
one to five days. Phases depend on the distance that is to be covered.
•After each phase, there is a compulsory break or rest time for feeding the horse.
Veterinary inspections of the participating horses are also conducted during this
time.
•Time is the most important element that determines the winner of the sport. After
each phase, players are given a time card mentioning and recording their timings.
The first ten players who complete the finish line in best conditions are rewarded by
the organizing committee.
•The players should wear protective, securely-fastened headgear throughout the
sport while on the horse. Safety stirrups are compulsion and while riding, all the
players must wear footwear with heels of 12mm or more.
Horse riding rules and regulations
•All the riders must be in their respective uniforms. Shorts and sandals are not allowed.
•During the jumping event, all details regarding the event along with one copy must be
posted at the entrance of the arena at least 30 minutes prior to the event. All barriers to
be crossed have to be numbered in the order they need to be jumped.
•Two flags are used for marking. All the compulsory turning points are marked with a red
flag on the right side and a white flag on the left. If a rider tries to jump the barriers with
their head gear incorrectly fastened, then they will be directly eliminated.
•In dressage, all the rules related to the penalties and faults are very strict and the rider
can be directly disqualified if the infractions made are deemed serious. Anyhow, the
riders can improve their performance by listening to the judge’s comment.
FALSE START
In sports, a false start is
a disallowed start, usually
due to a movement by a
participant before being
signaled or otherwise
permitted by the rules to
start
Obstructions
Sport:
Track Events - General Te
rms
Any competitor who
impedes a fellow
contestant by jostling,
running or walking across
their path or in any way
blocking their progress is
liable to be disqualified.
Hurdles Events
The standard hurdle race
is 110 meters for men and
100 meters for women.
There is also a 400-meter
hurdle race for both men
and women. All these
distances are events in the
Summer Olympics and the
World Championships in
Athletics.
Field Events
Field events consist of the high jump, pole vault,
long jump, triple jump and shot put. They also
consist of the javelin, hammer and discus throws;
however, often these are outside of the stadium
because they take up a large amount of space and
may damage grass fields.
Stadium
