TOTAL QUALITY
MANAGEMENT(TQM) IN
EDUCATION
BY: EDWIN G. DUMOPOY
Total quality management
• TQM is a systematic program that indicates
everyone and everything in the organization is
involved in the enterprise of continuous
improvement.
• TQM is used to describe two slightly different
but related notions.
The first is a philosophy of continuous
improvement. The second related meaning uses
TQM to describe the tools and techniques.
The hierarchy of quality
concepts
• The philosophy of TQM is large-scale,
inspirational and all-embracing, but its
practical implementation is small-scale,
highly practical and incremental.
Two things are required for staff
to produce quality.
1. staff needs a suitable environment in
which to work.
2. Encouragement and recognition of
success and achievement should be
deserved from leaders who can appreciate
their achievement and coach them to
greater success (Edward 3rd, 2002).
The hierarchical institution and the
upside-down institution in education
• Quality must be matched to
the expectation and
requirement of customers and
clients.
Relative Customer Importance
• Education is about learning. An
educational institution that takes the
total quality route must take seriously
the issue of learning styles and needs to
have strategies for individualization and
differentiation in learning.
• Learner is the primary customer
and it will not possible to claim
achievement of total quality
without meeting individual needs
(Edward 3rd, 2002).
TQM principles could be used as a checklist for
implementation (Robert and Robert, 1998):
“Four Pillars of Total
Quality Management.”
Principle #1: Synergistic
Relationships
According to this principle, an organization must
focus, first and foremost, on its suppliers and
customers. In a TQM organization, everyone is
both a customer and supplier; this confusing
concept emphasizes “the systematic nature of
the work in which all are involved”.
“Four Pillars of Total
Quality Management.”
Principle #2: Continuous Improvement and
Self Evaluation
The second pillar of TQM applied to education
is the total dedication to continuous
improvement, personally and collectively.
Within a Total Quality school setting,
administrators work collaboratively with their
customers: teachers.
“Four Pillars of Total
Quality Management.”
Principle #3: A System of Ongoing Process
The third pillar of TQM as applied in academics
is the recognition of the organization as a
system and the work done within the
organization must be seen as an ongoing
process.
“Four Pillars of Total
Quality Management.”
Principle #4: Leadership
The fourth TQM principle applied to
education is that the success of TQM is the
responsibility of top management.
The Need of
Management
Control
What is the picture all about?
CONTROLLIN
G
What is Controlling?
Controlling is the pro
cess
of ensuring that actual
activities conform to
planned activities.
Why management control is
important?
Controlling helps managers monitor the effectiveness of their
planning, organizing, and leading activities.
Controlling determines what is being accomplished — that is,
evaluating the performance and, if necessary, taking corrective
measures so that the performance takes place according to plans.
Controlling can also be viewed as detecting and correcting
significant variations in the results obtained from planned
activities.
Why management control is
important?
Planning without controlling is useless.
Undoubtedly, controlling also helps
managers monitor environmental changes and the
effects of these changes on the organizations’
progress.
Control techniques
Types of Control Techniques in
Management
Management theorists and experts have devised
several techniques over the years. They often
divide these techniques into two categories:
traditional and modern. Traditional types of
techniques generally focus on non-scientific
methods. On the other hand, modern techniques
find their sources in scientific methods which can
be more accurate.
Types of Control Techniques in Management
Budgetary Control
Standard Costing
Financial Ratio Analysis
Internal Audit
Break-Even Analysis
Statistical Control
Budgetary Control
Budgeting is the formulation of plans for a given future period in numerical
terms.
Organizations may establish budgets for units, departments, divisions, or
the whole organization. The usual period for a budget is one year and is
generally expressed in financial terms.
Budgets are the foundation of most control systems.
They provide yardsticks for measuring performance and facilitate
comparisons across divisions, between levels in the organization, and from
one time to another.
Standard Costing
Standard costing is similar to
budgeting in the way that it relies on
numerical figures. The difference
between the two, however, is that
standard costing relies on standard and
regular/recurring costs.
Financial Ratio Analysis
Every business organization has to depict its
financial performances using reports like balance
sheets and profit & loss statements. Financial ratio
analysis basically compares these financial reports
to show the financial performance of a business in
numerical terms.
Internal Audit
Another popular traditional type of
control technique is internal
auditing. This process requires
internal auditors to appraise
themselves of the operations of an
organization.
Break-Even Analysis
Break-even analysis shows the
point at which a business neither
earns profits nor incurs losses. This
can be in the form of sale output,
production volume, the price of
products, etc.
statistical Control
The use of statistical tools is a great
way to understand an organization’s
tasks effectively and efficiently. They
help in showing averages,
percentages, and ratios using
comprehensible graphs and charts.
EVALUATION/ACCREDITATION
OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
What is accreditation?
• Accreditation is a quality assurance process that colleges,
universities and education institutions or programs undergo
to confirm that they meet a strict and recognized set of
service and operational standards. Accreditation is assessed
by private, nongovernmental accrediting agencies that
have been created specifically to review education
institutions and programs.
• AACUP)Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and
Universities
What is the Importance of Accreditation?
• The importance of accreditation is that it creates a
set of quality standards for all education institutions
or programs, provides access to federal and state
funding, maintains private sector confidence, and
makes transferring credits easier.
• Furthermore, accreditation aims to ensure
accountability of schools and degree programs which
boosts public trust and confidence. When an
institution or degree program is properly accredited,
you are able to gauge its overall quality without
having to conduct a detailed analysis on your own.
EVALUATION IN EDUCATION
• We have many types of evaluation in an
educational setting. To mention some…
• Evaluation teaching ang learning process.
• Evaluation on the learning resources. and
many more.
• In Department Of Education, we this so called
MONITORING.
Why educational monitoring and
evaluation is important ?
• Educational monitoring and evaluation is needed
to ensure the accountability of educational
system. The accountability in education means
that schools should provide information on their
performance and functioning to outside parties. In
this way, schools and educational requirements are
open to public evaluation.
Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E): Why It
Matters So Much
• Monitoring and Evaluation in schools informs practice, leadership and
plays an important role in accountability and school improvement.
• SMEA (School Monitoring Evaluation and adjustment program) By
quarter.
• To expand a bit more, effective monitoring & evaluation of school
inputs & outputs can best be achieved through record-keeping and
regular reporting systems, in order to figure out whether or not school
resources are being spent according to plan. And also whether or not
the teaching method is delivering the desired educational outcomes.
Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E): Why It
Matters So Much
• By using M & E best practices, any school
management team will have a better means of
learning from past experiences to improve
teaching, learning, planning and allocating
resources, as well as demonstrating results as
part of the school’s accountability to key
stakeholders.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
• Quality Assurance is defined as
a procedure to ensure the
quality of products or services
provided to the customers of an
organization or educational
institution.
Difference between Quality Control and Quality
Assurance?
• Sometimes, QC is confused with the QA. Quality
control is to examine the product or service
and check for the result. Quality Assurance is to
examine the processes and make changes to the
processes which led to the end-product.
• Quality Assurance
• Quality Assurance is an all-embracing term
covering all the policies, processes and actions
through which the quality of higher education is
maintained and developed.
ISO CERTIFICATION
• WHAT IS ISO CERTIFICATION?
• ISO certification certifies that a management system,
manufacturing process, service, or documentation
procedure has all the requirements for
standardization and quality assurance. ISO (
International Organization for Standardization) is an
independent, non-governmental, international
organization that develops standards to ensure the
quality, safety, and efficiency of products, services,
and systems.
• ISO standards have given us a layout of what needs to
be done on every order. We know the standards that
need to be met, and we have the tools in place to
ensure quality, consistency, and safety. What we do,
how we check for quality, and what's required of us is
all laid out by ISO.
ISO CERTIFCATION
REQUIREMENTS
ISO 9001 Mandatory Requirements development inputs control records
— Documents and Records Records of design and development Record of conformity of
Monitoring and measuring controls product/service with acceptance
equipment calibration records Records of design and development criteria
Records of training, skills, outputs Record of nonconforming outputs
experience and qualifications Design and development changes Monitoring measurement results
Product/service requirements records Internal audit program
review records Characteristics of product to be Results of internal audits
Record about design and produced and service to be provided
Results of the management review
development outputs review Records about customer property
Results of corrective actions
Record about design and Production/service provision change
Benefits of ISO certification:
• Evaluated and standardized processes
• The biggest benefits of ISO certification is that
your organization has an evaluated and
standardized processes. As part of the ISO
certification your organization is assessed by a
third party on a regular basis to ensure
compliance.
Benefits of ISO certification:
• Training new employees is easy
These standardized procedures are also
easy to explain to your staff because they
are widely known and approved by many
countries. Their jargons, explanation, and
tools are always the same, and all of this
makes training new employees easier.
Benefits of ISO certification:
• Detect problems quickly and propose their
solutions
Are there any areas of your organization that could be
more efficient? More productive? If there are, then
problems can be detected more quickly through
standardized procedures which is also one of the benefits
of ISO certification. See what the cause of slow production
is, why something is not working.
Benefits of ISO certification:
• Improved customer satisfaction
• The organization’s biggest achievement is to
deliver customer satisfaction and one of the
benefits of ISO certification is that it is built
around delivering improved customer
satisfaction. Important steps will be taken to
get customer feedback and this feedback will
be used while making new products.
ACADEMIC AUDIT
• The Academic Audit, like more traditional program reviews, is a
peer review process including a self-study and a site visit by peers
from outside the institution. However, the similarities end there.
Unlike the traditional approach to program evaluation, this process
emphasizes self-reflection and self-improvement rather than
compliance with predetermined standards. The purpose of an
academic audit is to encourage departments or programs to
evaluate their “education quality processes” – the key faculty
activities required to produce, assure, and regularly improve the
quality of teaching and learning. An audit asks how faculty approach
educational decision-making and how they organize their work,
using the resources available to them and working collegially to
provide a quality education in the best interests of the discipline
and student learning.
Why there is a need of academic
audit?
• The purpose of the Academic and
Administrative Audit is to evaluate the
performance of the various departments and
Institution and give suggestions for further
improvement of the quality of teaching,
research, administration, and curricular and
extra-curricular activities.
Objectives of AAA:-
• Designing effective teaching and learning
processes
• Evaluation of Course and Program Outcomes
• Developing student assessment
• Assuring quality education by
implementation of co- curricular and
extracurricular activities.
Composition of AAA:
•
• 1. Principal
• 2. Asst. Principal
• 3. Representative from management
• 4. Representative from administration
• 5. IQA Coordinator
