CONCHA REVIEW CENTER

PAGADIAN CITY

MAJOR-PHYSICAL SCIENCE
(Coverage: Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Earth Science)

ARIEL S. BINAG, L.P.T

Lecturer
FOR Q-1
 FOR Q-2
• The concept of light as a quantized form of energy emerged during 1900s
when Max Planck postulated the blackbody radiation. This marks the
beginning of quantum theory, which believes that energy comes in
discrete units called quanta. Later on, Albert Einstein supported this
idea of Planck and suggested that light is composed of tiny particles called
photon and each photon possesses energy. 
FOR Q3-5
 For Q-7
• Hertz (Hz)-SI unit of Frequency
• Joule (J)- MKS Unit of Energy
• Candela (cd)- SI unit of luminous intensity (the quantity of visible light
that is emitted)
 For Q-10
• Why is red light commonly used in dark room?
• As you can see in figure below, red light is the region of the visible light
with the longest wavelength (620-780 nm) and with lowest frequency;
hence has the lowest energy. Because of its low energy, red light is
considered as “safe light” and is ideally used in photographic dark rooms.
This is because photosensitive materials used in printing are not
photosensitive to red and does not cause “fogging” in prints which can be
seen as blur or dark veil across the print.
 FOR Q-11
• . In science, a particle is described as a minute portion of matter and is
also referred to as the smallest known building blocks of the universe.
This means that everything that makes up matter and universe is called
particle.
• In physics, a wave is described as a disturbance that travels through
space-time and medium accompanied by transferring energy from one
place to another.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

• phenomenon in which electrically charged particles are released from or

within a material when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation. 
DOPPLER EFFECT
 DOPPLER EFFECT

• In 1842, Christian Doppler proposed a new

theory in which a person watching a source of
waves would find an increase in frequency as it
comes near him and a decrease in frequency as it
goes away from him.
 INTERFERENCE

• When the waves meet, crest meets crests, it is

called constructive interference. When the
waves cancel each other, no interaction at all, it is
called destructive interference.
• When two waves meet, sounds are produced,
light is present. When there is no wave
interaction, no sounds are created and only
darkness. 
DIFFRACTION
DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT
FOR Q-20
 GOLD-FOIL EXPERIMENT

• Rutherford's gold foil experiment

showed that the atom is mostly
empty space with a tiny, dense,
positively-charged nucleus. Based
on these results, Rutherford
proposed the nuclear model of the
atom.
 POLAR COVALENT BOND

• A polar covalent bond occurs when atoms are

shared unequally in a covalent bond. 
 OIL DROP EXPERIMENT

• The oil drop experiment

was performed by Robert
A. Millikan and Harvey
Fletcher in 1909 to measure
the elementary electric charge
(the charge of the electron). 
 FOR Q-18

• Laser light is approximately monochromatic

(consisting of a single wavelength) and is
highly coherent; it is thus an ideal source for
revealing interference effects.
MOLECULAR SHAPE
 STEROIDS
• Steroids are a man-made version of chemicals, known as hormones, that
are made naturally in the human body. Steroids are designed to act like
these hormones to reduce inflammation.
 TRYGLYCERIDES
• Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. 
 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Phospholipids are compound lipids, consisting of phosphoric acids,
nitrogen base, alcohol and fatty acids. These compound lipids are major
components of the cell membrane and also provide a fluid character to the
membranes.
 NUCLEOTIDES
• A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and
DNA). 
 POLYPEPTIDES
• A polypeptide is a single linear chain of many amino acids (any length),
held together by amide bonds. 
 CREATININE
• Creatinine is a chemical compound left over from energy-producing
processes in your muscles. Healthy kidneys filter creatinine out of the
blood. Creatinine exits your body as a waste product in urine.
 HEMOGLOBIN
• Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. 
 URIC ACID
• If too much uric acid stays in the body, a condition called hyperuricemia
will occur. Hyperuricemia can cause crystals of uric acid (or urate) to
form. These crystals can settle in the joints and cause gout, a form of
arthritis that can be very painful. They can also settle in the kidneys and
form kidney stones.
 LACTOSE
• Lactose is a sugar that is naturally found in milk and milk products, like
cheese or ice cream.
 GALACTOSE
• Galactose (/ɡəˈlæktoʊs/, galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar") sometimes
abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as
glucose, and about 65% as sweet as sucrose.
 FATTY ACID
• Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food
we eat. During digestion, the body breaks down fats into fatty acids,
which can then be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acid molecules are
usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called a
triglyceride.
• Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a
molecule. Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules.
 DNA AS BLUEPRINT OF LIFE
• DNA is called the blueprint of life because it contains the instructions
needed for an organism to grow, develop, survive and reproduce.
 Dipole moment
• A dipole moment arises in any system in which there is a separation of
charge. They can, therefore, arise in ionic bonds as well as in covalent
bonds.
 polarizability
• In a larger atom or molecule, the valence electrons are, on average, farther
from the nuclei than in a smaller atom or molecule. They are less tightly
held and can more easily form temporary dipoles. The ease with which the
electron distribution around an atom or molecule can be distorted is called
the polarizability.
 instantaneous dipole
• An instantaneous dipole is the term given to a molecule when a dipole of
uneven charges is created very quickly and randomly in a molecule.
 Cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the
cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
 Meiosis
• Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that
reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and
sperm).
 solstice
• The solstice (combining the Latin words sol for “Sun” and sistere for “To
Stand Still”) is the point where the Sun appears to reach either its highest
or lowest point in the sky for the year and thus ancient astronomers came
to know the day as one where the Sun appeared to stand still.
 Winter solstice
• At the winter solstice the Sun travels the shortest path through the sky, and
that day therefore has the least daylight and the longest night.
 summer solstice
• On the summer solstice, the Northern Hemisphere receives more sunlight
than on any other day of the year—but that doesn't mean the first day of
summer is also the hottest. Earth's oceans and atmosphere act like heat
sinks, absorbing and reradiating the sun's rays over time.