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Lahore Garrison University
STAT 114Probabilty&Statistics Week-7 Lecture-14
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Topic: Sampling Basics
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Preamble
Population [A population consists of the totality of the observations with which we are
concerned. ]
Sample:[A sample is a subset of a population.]
Statistic:[Any function of the random variables constituting a random sample is called a
statistic].
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Learning Outcomes
Student will able to learn about:
Basic concept of Sampling.
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Sampling:
“process of selecting a sample is called sampling “
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observations are taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from a
larger population depends on the type of analysis being performed but may include simple
random sampling or systematic sampling.
Aims of sampling :
Reduces cost of research (e.g. political polls)
Generalize about a larger population
In some cases (e.g. industrial production) analysis may be destructive, so sampling is
needed
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Introduction :
In real life calculating parameters of populations is prohibitive because populations are
very large.
Rather than investigating the whole population, we take a sample, calculate a statistic
related to the parameter of interest, and make an inference.
The sampling distribution of the statistic is the tool that tells us how close is the statistic
to the parameter.
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Types of sampling
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Probability Sampling
A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the
population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the
sample, and this probability can be accurately determined.
. When every element in the population does have the same
probability of selection, this is known as an 'equal probability of
selection' (EPS) design. Such designs are also referred to as 'self-
weighting' because all sampled units are given the same weight.
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Simple Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is a sampling technique where every item in the population has
an even chance and likelihood of being selected in the sample Here the selection of items
completely depends on chance or by probability and therefore this sampling technique is
also sometimes known as a method of chances.
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Simple random Sampling (Example)
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Systematic Sampling
Systematic sampling relies on arranging the target population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list.
Systematic sampling involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of
every kth element from then onwards. In this case, k=(population size/sample size).
A simple example would be to select every 10th name from the telephone directory (an
'every 10th' sample, also referred to as 'sampling with a skip of 10').
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Systematic Sampling ( Example)
As described above, systematic sampling is an EPS method, because all elements have the
same probability of selection (in the example given, one in ten). It is not simple random
sampling' because different subsets of the same size have different selection probabilities
- e.g. the set {4,14,24,...,994} has a one-in-ten probability of selection, but the set
{4,13,24,34,...} has zero probability of selection.
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Stratified sampling
Where population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be organized into
separate "strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an independent sub-population, out of
which individual elements can be randomly selected.
Every unit in a stratum has same chance of being selected.
Using same sampling fraction for all strata ensures proportionate representation in the
sample.
Adequate representation of minority subgroups of interest can be ensured by stratification
& varying sampling fraction between strata as required.
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Stratified Random Sample: Population of FM Radio Listeners
Stratified by Age
20 - 30 years old
(homogeneous within)
(alike) Hetergeneous
(different)
30 - 40 years old between
(homogeneous within)
(alike) Hetergeneous
(different)
40 - 50 years old between
(homogeneous within)
(alike)
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Stratified Random sampling ( Example)
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Q &A
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References
Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists by Ronald E. Walpole,
Raymond H. Myers, Sharon L. Myers and Keying E. Ye, Pearson; 9th Edition
(January 6, 2011). ISBN-10: 0321629116 2
Walpole, P.E., Myers R.H., Myers S.L. (1998), “Probability and Statistics for
Engineers and Scientists”, 7th Ed. Prentice Hall.
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