Basic Electrical Engineering (BEEE101L)
Presented By
Dr. Maddela Chinna Obaiah
Assistant Professor (Sr)
School of Electrical Engineering
Circuit Topology
Topology: How a circuit is laid out.
A branch represents a single circuit (network) element; that is,
any two terminal element.
A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit (network).
A loop is said to be independent if it contains a branch which
is not in any other loop. 7
1 2 6
DC 3 4 5 2A
Fundamental Theorem of Network
Topology
For a network with b branches, n nodes and l independent
loops:
b l n 1
1 2
7
6
b 9
DC 3 4 5 2A
n 5
l 5
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s laws are used to find (or solve)
voltage and currents in the every element in
the circuit.
Unknowns in the circuit are 7, namely,
Ohms law can provide us with 4 equations,
namely
However Ohms equations can not be sufficient to solve for the 7 unknown,
we need still 3 equations , what are these equations ?
Kirchhoff’s Laws stated by Russian scientist Gustav Kirchhoff.
Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
sum of all currents entering a node is zero
sum of currents entering node is equal to sum of currents leaving node
Conservation of charge
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
sum of voltages around any loop in a circuit is zero
Conservation of energy
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of all the currents at any
node in a circuit equals zero.
The algebraic signify a sign on the current that
is positive or negative. Since the current is a
reference quantity by direction. Then we can
state the following
Current entering the node is positive and
current leaving the node is negative
KCL
In Electric Circuit Analysis, there are two types of circuit
analysis based on a systematic application of Kirchhoff’s laws
(KCL and KVL).
Mesh Current Analysis
Nodal Voltage Analysis
Node analysis and Mesh analysis are both circuit analysis
methods which are systematic and apply to most circuits.
Analysis of circuits using node or loop analysis requires
solutions of systems of linear equations.
These equations can usually be written by inspection of the
circuit.
Nodal Voltage Analysis
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
Identify the number nodes (n) in circuit and select one node as
the reference node (more number of braches are
connected).
Assign voltages v , v , . . . , v
1 2 n−1 to the remaining n − 1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
Apply KCL to each of the n − 1 nonreference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
Reference Node
500W 500W
I1 V 1kW 500W I2
500W
–
The reference node is called the ground node.
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
Identify the number nodes (n) in circuit and select one node as
the reference node (more number of braches are connected).
Assign voltages v1, v2, . . . , vn−1 to the remaining n − 1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
Apply KCL to each of the n − 1 nonreference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
Node Voltages
500W 500W
V1 V2 V3
1 2 3
I1 1kW 500W I2
500W
V1, V2, and V3 are unknowns for which we solve using KCL.
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
Select a node as the reference node.
Assign voltages v1, v2, . . . , vn−1 to the remaining n − 1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
Apply KCL to each of the n − 1 nonreference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
Currents and Node Voltages
500W 500W
V1 V2 V3
1 2 3
I1 1kW 500W I2
500W
V1 500W V2 V1
V1
500
500W
V1 V2
500
KCL at Node 1
V1 500W V2
500W
I1 V1 V2 V1
I1
500 500
KCL at Node 2
V1 500W V2 500W V3
1kW
V2 V1 V2 V2 V3
0
500 1k 500
KCL at Node 3
V2 500W V3
V3 V2 V3
500W I2 I2
500 500
ECE201 Lect-9 17
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
Select a node as the reference node.
Assign voltages v1, v2, . . . , vn−1 to the remaining n − 1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
Apply KCL to each of the n − 1 nonreference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
System of Equations
1 1 V2
Node 1: V1 I1
500 500 500
Node 2: V1 1 1 1 V3
V2 0
500 500 1k 500 500
V2 1 1
Node 3: V3 I2
500 500 500
Equations
These equations can be written by inspection.
The left side of the equation:
The node voltage is multiplied by the sum of conductances
of all resistors connected to the node.
Other node voltages are multiplied by the conductance of
the resistor(s) connecting to the node and subtracted.
The right side of the equation:
The right side of the equation is the sum of currents
from sources entering the node.
Matrix Notation
The three equations can be combined into a single
matrix/vector equation.
1 1 1
500 500 0 V
500 1 I1
1 1 1 1 1
V2 0
500 500 1k 500 500
1 1 1 V3 I 2
0
500 500 500
• The equation can be written in matrix-vector form as
Av = i
• The solution to the equation can be written as
v = A-1 i
Solving the Equation with MATLAB
Assume: I1 = 3mA, I2 = 4mA
>> A = [1/500+1/500 -1/500 0;
-1/500 1/500+1/1000+1/500 -1/500;
0 -1/500 1/500+1/500];
>> i = [3e-3; 0; 4e-3];
>> v = inv(A)*i
v =
1.3333
1.1667
1.5833
Ans: V1 = 1.33V, V2=1.17V, V3=1.58V
Problem: Calculate the node voltages
in the circuit shown in Fig.
At node 1, applying KCL and
Ohm’s law gives
Multiplying each term in the last
equation by 4, we obtain
At node 2, we do the same thing and get
𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗 𝟏 𝒗𝟐
+ +𝟓=𝟏𝟎
(1) 𝟒 𝟔
Multiplying each term by 12 results in
(2)
To use Cramer’s rule, we need to put Eqs. (1) and (2) in matrix form as
Problem: Using node voltage analysis in the circuit of figure, find the node
voltages.
In general, if a circuit with independent current sources has N
nonreference nodes, the node-voltage equations can be written in terms of
the conductances as
