Basic Electrical Engineering (BEEE101L)
Presented By
Dr. Maddela Chinna Obaiah
Assistant Professor (Sr)
School of Electrical Engineering
Module 1: DC circuits
Basic circuit elements and sources
Ohms law
Kirchhoff ’s laws
Series and parallel connection of circuit elements
Node Voltage Analysis, Mesh Current Analysis
Thevenin's and Maximum power transfer theorem
Units
When taking measurements, we must use units to quantify
values
We use the International Systems of Units (SI for short)
Prefixes on SI units allow for easy relationships between large
and small values
Quantity Unit Prefix Name Meaning
length metre, m
M mega multiply by 1000000 (i.e. ×106)
mass kilogram, kg
time second, s k kilo multiply by 1000 (i.e. ×103)
electric current ampere, A m milli divide by 1000 (i.e. ×10−3)
thermodynamic μ micro divide by 1000000 (i.e. ×10−6)
temperature kelvin, K divide by 1000000000 (i.e.
luminous intensity candela, cd n nano ×10−9)
amount of substance mole, mol divide by 1 000 000 000 000 (i.e.
p pico ×10−12)
Charge
Symbol: q
Unit: Coulomb (C)
The fundamental electric quantity is charge.
The coulomb is defined as the quantity of electricity which
flows past a given point in an electric circuit when a current of
one ampere is maintained for one second.
in coulombs
Charge in an electron: qe = -1.602x10-19 C
Charge in a proton: qp = 1.602x10-19 C
In 1 C of charge, there are 1/(1.602 × 10−19) = 6.24 × 1018
electrons.
Current
Symbol: i
Unit: Ampere (A)
Current moves through a circuit element “through variable.”
Current is rate of flow of negatively-charged particles
(electrons) through a cross-sectional area in a conductor.
Analogous to water flow
Essentially, flow of electrons in an electric circuit leads to the
establishment of current.
Amp = C/sec
Often measured in milliamps, mA
Voltage
Symbol: v
Unit: Volt
Potential difference across two terminals in a circuit “across
variable.”
Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through
an element.
Analogous to pressure in water tank
Let A be the lower potential/voltage terminal
Let B be the higher potential/voltage terminal
Then, voltage across A and B is the cost in energy required to
move a unit positive charge from A to B.
Power
Symbol : p
Unit : watts (W)
Power is defined as the rate of doing work or transferring
energy.
Circuit element that absorb power have a positive value of p
Circuit element that produce power have a negative value of p
Basic Circuit Elements and Sources
Circuit Elements
Active Elements
The elements that supply energy to the circuit is called active element.
Examples: Voltage Source, Current Source, Generators, Batteries etc.,
Passive Elements
The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and then either converts it
into heat (R) or stored it in an electric (C) or magnetic (L ) field is called passive
element.
Resistor (R), Inductor (L), Capacitor (C).
Sources
Voltage Source
Independent Voltage Source
Dependent Voltage Source
Current Source
Independent Current Source
Dependent Current Source
Ohm’s Law
The current passing through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the potential difference across the two
points provides.
Using G as a constant of proportionality, we obtain:
Equivalently,
where .
R is termed as the resistance of conductor (ohm,)
G is termed as the conductance of conductor (mho, )
Resistors
Resistance (R) is the physical property of an element that opposes the flow
of current .
The units of resistance are Ohms (Ω).
The magnitude of resistance is dictated by electric properties of the material
and material geometry. - Resistivity
- Length of material
-Cross-section area of material
Resistivity () is the ability of a material to resist current flow. The units of
resistivity are Ohm-meters (Ω-m)
This behavior of materials is often used to control/limit electric current flow
in circuits.
Henceforth, the conductors that exhibit the property of resisting current
flow are called resistors.
Resistors are used for:
Limiting current in electric circuits.
Lowering voltage levels in electric circuits (using
voltage divider).
As a sensor (e.g., photoresistor detects light
condition, thermistor detects temperature condition,
strain gauge detects load condition, etc.)
Resistors can be made of:
Carbon film (decomposition of carbon film on a
ceramic core).
– Carbon composition (carbon powder and glue-like
binder).
– Metal oxide (ceramic core coated with metal
oxide).
– Precision metal film.
– High power wire wound.
Resistors in Series and Parallel
Series Parallel
Capacitors
A capacitor consists of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric (insulator).
-permittivity
-Area
-distance
indicates how penetrable a substance is to
an electric field
Electric charge is stored in the plates – a
capacitor can become “charged”
When a voltage exists across the
conductors, it provides the energy to move
the charge from the positive plate to the
other plate.
Capacitance (C) is the ability of a material to store charge in the form of
separated charge or an electric field. It is the ratio of charge stored to
voltage difference between two plates.
Capacitance is measured in Farads (F)
Work must be done by an external influence (e.g. a battery) to separate
charge between the plates in a capacitor. The charge is stored in the
capacitor until the external influence is removed and the separated charge
is given a path to travel and dissipate.
Work exerted to charge a capacitor is given by the equation:
Capacitors in Series and Parallel
Series Parallel
Inductors
An inductor is a two terminal element consisting of a winding of N turns
capable of storing energy in the form of a magnetic field
Inductance (L) is a measure of the ability of a device to store energy in the
form of a magnetic field. It is measured in Henries (H)
Inductance in a cylindrical coil:
μ0 = permeability of free space = 4π × 10−7 H/m
K = Nagaoka coefficient
N = number of turns
A = area of cross-section of the coil in m2
l = length of coil in m
Inductors can store energy in the form of a magnetic field
when a current is passed through them.
The work required to establish current through the coil, and
therefore the magnetic field, is given by
Ideal and Practical Voltage Source
A voltage source is a two-terminal device whose voltage at any instant of time is
constant and is independent of the current drawn from it.
Such a voltage source is called an Ideal Voltage Source and have zero internal
resistance.
Practically an ideal voltage source cannot be obtained.
Sources having some amount of internal resistances are known as Practical Voltage
Source. due to this internal resistance; voltage drop takes place, and it causes the
terminal voltage to reduce.
Ideal and Practical Current Source
An Ideal current source is a two-terminal circuit element
which supplies the same current to any load resistance
connected across its terminals.
It is important to keep in mind that the current supplied by the
current source is independent of the voltage of source
terminals.
The internal resistance of an ideal current source is infinite.
Independent Sources
Independent source establishes a voltage or a current in a
circuit without relying on a voltage or current elsewhere in the
circuit
Dependent Source
A dependent or controlled source is a voltage source or a current
source whose value depends on a voltage or current somewhere else in the
circuit.
Dependent sources are useful, for example, in modelling the behaviour of
amplifiers, transistors etc.
(a) Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS).
(b) Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS).
(c) Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS).
(d) Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS).
