3G RNC Planning

Content
1. Introduction – Concepts
2. WCDMA Basic Principles
3. UMTS air Interface
4. Physical layer
5. MAC layer
6. RLC layer

Section 2 7.
8.
PDCP layer
RRC layer
9. Channel classification and structure in the Uu interface
9.1 Logical Channel
9.2 Transport Channel
9.3 Physical Channel

10. Main Procedures in the Physical layer of air interface

10.1 Cell Search Operations
10.2 Paging procedure
10.3 Random Access Procedure
10.4 Access Procedure of the CPCH
10.5 Transmit Diversity
 Content
11. UMTS terrestrial interfaces/protocols and architecture
11.1 WCDMA Management System (NMS)
11.2 UMTS interfaces and architecture
11.3 UMTS Protocols
11.4 Protocols of each interface

12. UMTS signaling procedures (paging, call process, handover,

Section 2 location update, etc)

12.1 Calling Procedure
12.2 Paging
12.3 Location Update Procedure
12.4 Handover Procedure

13. RRM (Radio Resource Management): Handover, admission

control, congestion control, power and resources control.
13.1 RRM: Power Control
13.2 RRM: Handover
13.3 RRM: Admission Control
13.4 RRM: Congestion Control
Conclusions
1. Introduction - Concepts
Multipath Environment
 Fading
Transmitted data

Received data
0
-5
-10
-15
dB

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
Fading
Rx power (dBm)
Fast fading
- 20 Slow fading

- 40

- 60

10 20 30 Distance (m)
Frequency-Selective Fading
P(f) P(f)

Fading
Narrowband
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal

P(f) P(f)

Broadband Fading
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal
Radio Channel Model

Current path weight

Guassian
Current path weight
Transmitted signal

noise

Received signal
Current path weight
Current path weight
Channel analog
Channel analog
Channel analog
Channel analog
WCDMA
The WCDMA is a Radio Interface standard, between the cellphone and the
base station, it was developed by the UMTS, and standardized by UIT.

The WCDMA has two operation modes:

• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

• TDD (Time Division Duplex)

The initial systems use the WCDMA FDD.

Principle characteristic of WCDMA
FDD
Item WCDMA FDD
Multiple access method DS-CDMA, Direct sequence CDMA
Frequency reuse factor 1
Carrier band 5 MHz
Chip rate 3,84 Mcps
Frame 10 ms (38400 chips)
Nº de slots/frame 15
Nº de chips/slot 2560 chips (Max. 2560 bits)
Factor widened uplink 4 a 256
Factor downlink spread 4 a 512
Rate channel 7,5 Kbit/s a 960 Kbit/s.
Differences between TDD and FDD
 The FDD mode use different frequencies, separated in 190 MHz, to the

ascendant link (UL) and the descendant link (DL). Those carriers have a
bandwidth of 5 MHz, with a bit rate of 3.84 Mcps, divided on frames of 10
ms with 15 time intervals on each frame. Also FDD mode use a QPSK
modulation.

 However in the TDD mode, the ascendant and descendant link use the

same frequency, but in different time intervals. Those intervals can be

combined to operate as UL or DL.
WCDMA TDD Mode
 In TDD mode there are two different versions. The HCR (High Chip Rate)

which use a carrier with 5 Mhz of Bandwidth, with a bit rate of 3.84 Mcps,
exactly as FDD mode. And the other version is LCR (Low Chip Rate) which
use a carrier of 1.6 MHz of Bandwidth, with a bit rate of 1.28 Mcps,
divided in a frame of 10 ms, which is divided too in two sub-frames of 5 ms
with 7 time intervals each one.
Differences between GSM and UMTS
GSM system operation is by TDMA, which means that time is divided in

slots and each user has a slot to transmit data, therefore the channel in
shared by a maximum number of users.

UMTS system operation is by (WCDMA) Wideband Code Division Access,

so now there are not slots, as GSM system. In this case, all the users
transmit at the same time through the channel, but user’s signals are
encoded with an unique code, and this signals are decoded in the base
station. It means that now the channel support more users.
Differences
between
GSM and
UMTS
2. WCDMA Basic Principles
Basic Diagram of the WCDMA System

Source Channel RF
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving

Radio link

Source RF
deinterleaving De-spreading De- Demodulation
decoding reception
scrambling
Source Coding in WCDMA
The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR)
speech coding.
 A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2
Kbps to 4.75 Kbps.
 Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current
mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multi-
mode terminals.

Source Channel RF
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
Channel Coding in WCDMA
Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover
signals in the case of interference.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Code type
 Voice service: Convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3).
 Data service: Turbo code (1/3).

Source Channel RF
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
Interleaving
 Interleaving is used to damage symbol correlation and reduce the impact
caused by fast fading and interference of the channel.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 ……

Ist interleaving B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
. . . . . . . .

.... . . . . . . . .
....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456

2nd interleaving

{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}

Spreading Factor and Service Rate
 Chip rate = symbol rate  spreading factor
 For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 Mchip/sec and the spreading factor is 4, the symbol
rate is 960 Kbps.
 Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) × channel code
×repetition or punching rate)
 For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3 Turbo, the symbol rate is
960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3 convolutional code,
the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.

Chip rate QPS 30 kbit/s channel 3840 k Spreading

Speading factor = = =
Data Rate K 15k symbols/s 15 k factor 256

W/Hz

Non-Spread Signal
Spread Signal
Spreading Principle and channelization
code
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-
Cch,1,0 = (1) 1)

Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) 1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-
1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal and their mutual correlation is zero.
Scrambling in the WCDMA System
 Downlink: Different cells have  Uplink: Scrambles are used to
different downlink scrambles. differentiate different users.
 Each cell is configured with a  In a cell, each user is configured
unique downlink scramble. The UE with a unique uplink scramble.
identifies a cell based on the  The OVSF code is used to
scramble. differentiate the services of a user.
 The OVSF code is used to
differentiate different users in a cell.

Source Channel RF
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation transmission
coding
interleaving
Gold Sequence — Scrambling Code in
the WCDMA System
 Gold sequence
 The gold sequence is used to differentiate the cells and users in the
WCDMA system owing to its good self correlation.

Good self correlation determines the weak mutual correlation among the
segmented sequences, and thus can be used to differentiate users and realize
the multiple access function.
Gold Sequence
Advantages Disadvantages
The gold sequence needs no Disadvantages: The Gold
GPS synchronization and sequence has greater inter-
features high system flexibility code interference than the m
and security. sequence.

The NodeB can work in

asynchronous mode.
It is easy to realize indoor
coverage.
Spreading/De-spreading Principle —
Explanations for Frequency Domain
Eb / No = Ec / Io  gain

User to be Power spectrum

de-spread a2Tbit = Ebit

Demodulation
Allowed maximum interference threshold
level of the system

Power that all the

Gain
users can share

Interference signals Echip

from other users
Spectrum Change in CDMA
Spreading code

P(f) P(f)

f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal

f
Noise

P(f) P(f)
Signal
f combination f
Separation of Noise +
Spreading code
signals and noise broadband signal

The CDMA broadband spreading technology

effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.
Rake Receive
Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
Calculate the time
Searcher correlator delay and signal
strength

s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
 Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
 Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
 Frame length: 10ms
 Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
 Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
 Coherence demodulation aided with pilot
 Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
 Handover: soft/hard handover
 Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB operation
Characteristics of WCDMA FDD
 Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000

 Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode

 Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB location

 Support different fast power control algorithms and open loop, out loop

power control
 Fully support UE locating services
3.UMTS air Interface
Differences Between the UMTS and
GSM on the Air Interface
WCDMA GSM
Carrier 5 MHz 200 KHz

Frequency reuse coefficient 1 1-18

Power control frequency 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower

Through network planning
QoS control Through the RRM algorithm
(frequency planning)
The 3.84 MHz bandwidth enables
Frequency diversity the air interface to use the rake Frequency hopping
receiver for multipath diversity.
Timeslot-based scheduling in
Packet data Load-based packet scheduling
GPRS
Supported by the protocol to Not supported by the standard
Downlink transmit diversity
improve downlink capacity but can be applied.
Voice Evolution in UMTS

 Adopts AMR voice coding and supports the voice rates of

4.75 Kbps to 12.2 Kbps.

 Provides high-fidelity voice modes.

 Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve

capacity

 Supports fast power control.

Data Evolution in UMTS

 Supports up to 14.4 Mbps data services – HSDPA and

HSUPA

 Supports packet switching.

 Can evolution to All-IP structure.

 Provides QoS control.

 Provides mobile IP services (dynamic assignment of IP

addresses)
UTRAN architecture
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

Core Network
Iu Iu
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC

Iub Iub Iub Iub

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
UTRAN architecture
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
 GC Nt DC

4. PHYSICAL Duplication avoidance

Layer
GC Nt DC
UuS boundary
C-plane signalling U-plane information

control
RRC L3

Radio

control
control
control

control

Bearers

PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP

BMC L2/BMC

RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC RLC
RLC RLC RLC
Logical
Channels

MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
L1
PHY
Physical Layer
 Between the network and the mobile user, this layer is used to transmit

information under the form of electrical signals corresponding to bits.

 Supported information: Through the air interface the following information

goes to and from users:

• Voice
• Circuit data or Packet Data
• Network signaling
 GC Nt DC

5. Mac Duplication avoidance

GC Nt DC

Layer C-plane signalling U-plane information

UuS boundary

control
RRC L3

Radio

control
control
control

control

Bearers

PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP

BMC L2/BMC

RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC RLC
RLC RLC RLC
Logical
Channels

MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
L1
PHY
Mac Layer
 Medium Access Control Layer (MAC Layer) is mainly responsible for

preparing the logical channels into transport channels and as its name reveals,
it is responsible for the algorithms that provide access to users into the
network.

 Functions that are provided by Layer 2 (L2)

• Ciphering
• Mapping of channels
• Segmentation of PDUs
• Retransmission of PDUs
 GC Nt DC

6. RLC Duplication avoidance

GC Nt DC

Layer C-plane signalling U-plane information

UuS boundary

control
RRC L3

Radio

control
control
control

control

Bearers

PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP

BMC L2/BMC

RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC RLC
RLC RLC RLC
Logical
Channels

MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
L1
PHY
RLC Layer
 The second sub layer from Layer 2 in UMTS air interface is Radio Link

Control (RLC). It communicates with PDCP layer and with MAC layer.

 The main function of the Radio Link Control is transfer of data from either

the control plane or the user plane over the Radio interface.

 Transfer modes:
Transparentmode
Acknowledged mode

Unacknowledged mode
 GC Nt DC

7. PDCP Duplication avoidance

GC Nt DC

Layer C-plane signalling U-plane information

UuS boundary

control
PDCP RRC L3

Radio

control
control
control

control

Bearers

PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP

BMC L2/BMC

RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC RLC
RLC RLC RLC
Logical
Channels

MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
L1
PHY
PDCP Layer
 The PDCP layer has been introduced in order to give the user a

transparent way to use the UMTS network layer protocols without nay
changes to the UTRAN protocols. The UTRAN network entities should
transmit functions related to transfer of packets from higher layers in a
transparent way.

 Responsibilities of PDCP layer:

 Optimization methods is also a responsibility of the PDCP.

 Providing numbering of PDUs is another function done by the PDCP
 GC Nt DC

8. RRC Duplication avoidance

GC Nt DC

Layer C-plane signalling U-plane information

UuS boundary

control
RRC RRC L3

Radio

control
control
control

control

Bearers

PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP

BMC L2/BMC

RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC RLC
RLC RLC RLC
Logical
Channels

MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
L1
PHY
RRC Layer
 Radio Resource Control (RRC) belongs to Access stratum as it is a

signaling layer that by nature belongs to UMTS access. This RRC protocol
is very important in all procedures between UE and the network and also it
is important in the interaction with lower layers.
9. Channels Classification and
Structure in the Uu Interface
The UMTS Radio Channels

Logical Channel Transport Channel

The MAC layer provides data transfer It is the interface of the radio layer 2 and
services on logical channels. A set of logical physical layer, the service provided for MAC
channel types is defined for different kinds of layer by the physical layer. According the
data transfer services as offered by MAC. information transported, is dedicated
Each logical channel type is defined by the information for a user or common
type of information that is transferred. information for all users. Transport channel
Logical channel is classified into two is divided in two groups: dedicated
groups: Control channel and Traffic channel and common channel.
channel.
The UMTS Radio Channels
Physical Channel
 It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they
are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind od channel which uses
dedicated carrier frequency, code and carrier phase can be regarded
as a dedicated channel.

 At the transmitting end, the data of MAC and upper layers are
transmitted in radio interfaces, reused and mapped by channel
coding and then formed the data flow of the radio interface to be
transported on the radio interface. At the end, it is reverse process.
9.1 Logical Channel
¿ What kind of information will be transmitted ?
Control information or Traffic information

Control Channel (CCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH

Traffic Channel (TCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Common Traffic Chanel (CTCH)
Logical Channel
Control Channels

Broadcast Control Channel

Downlink channel that carries system control information.
(BCCH)

Downlink channel, transfers paging information, is used when:

Paging Control Channel • Network does not know the location cell of the mobile station.
(PCCH) • The mobile station is in the cell connected state, using sleep mode
procedures.

Bidirectional channel, transfers control information between network and

mobile stations, this channel is used:
Common Control Channel • By the mobile stations when they don’t have a RRC connection with
(CCCH) the network.
• By the mobile station using a transport channel when accessing a new
cell after cell reselection.

Point to Point bidirectional channel, transmits dedicated control

Dedicated Control Channel
information between network and a mobile station. This channel is
(DCCH) established through RRC connection setup procedure.
Logical Channel
Traffic Channel

Dedicated traffic channel Point to point channel, dedicated to one mobile station for the transfer of
(DTCH) the user information. Can exist in both, uplink and downlink.

Common traffic channel Point to point channel dedicated to carry traffic from some users.
(CTCH)
9.2 Transport Channel
A transport channel is used at the physical layer to provide services for uper layer.

Also, it defines the mode and the features of data transmission on air interface
 Dedicated transport Channel

 There is only one kind of dedicated transport channel, that is Dedication channel (DCH).

DCH is an uplink and downlink channel. DCH uses beam-forming antenna to transmit.

 Common transport Channel

Boardcast channel (BCH).

Forward access channel (FACH).
There are six common Paging channel (PCH).
transport channels Random access channel (RACH).
Common packet channel (CPCH).
Downlink shared channel (DSCH).
Transport Channel
Common Transport Channels

It is a downlink channel, which is used to broadcast

Broadcast Channel (BCH) information in every cell. The BCH has a separate transport
format.

Forward Access Channel It is a downlink transport channel that carries data or control
(FACH) information to Ues

It is a downlink transport channel that carries the paging

Paging Channel (PCH) messae coming from the Core network
Transport Channel
Common Transport Channels

Random Access Channel It is an uplink transport channel sent by the UE. RACH is
characterized by a limited Size data field, a collision risk and
(RACH) by the use of open loop power control.

It is an uplink transport channel. CPCH is a contention-based

Common Packet Channel random access channel used for transmission of burst data
traffic. CPCH is associated with a dedicated channel on the
(CPCH) downlink, which provides power control for the uplink
CPCH.

Downlink Shared Channel It is a downlink transport channel shared by several mobile

(DSCH) stations. DSCH is associated with DCH.
Mapping between Logical channels
and Transport channels
9.3 Physical Channel
The transport channel - more abstract high-layer than the physical layer- are mapped to
the physical layer.

The physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, scramble,

channelization code (optional), time bucket from beginning to end (there is time
duration) and the corresponding phase of the uplink. The duration is defined by the
beginning and end time, measured by using the integer times of chip.

 Radio frame: It is a processing frame containing 15 timeslots. The length of a radio

frame is 38400 chips.
 Timeslot: It is a unit composed of some bit fields, 2560 chips in length.
Structure of the Uplink/Physical Channel
Uplink dedicated physical channels

 Dedicated physical data channel (uplink DPDCH): is used to carry dedicated data
generated at layer 2 and above (i.e., the dedicated transport channel (DCH). There may
be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on each layer 1 connection.

 Dedicated physical control channel (uplink DPCCH): is used to carry control

information generated at layer 1. Control information consists of known pilot bits to
support channel estimation for coherent detection, transmit power control (TPC)
commands, feedback information (FBI), and an optional transport format combination
indicator (TFCI).

The TFCI informs the receiver about the instantaneous parameters of the different transport
channels multiplexed on the uplink DPDCH, and corresponds to the data transmitted in the
same frame. For each layer 1 connection there is only one uplink DPCCH.
Uplink dedicated physical channels

• Each length of frame is 10 ms and split into 15 slots

• Each length of Tslot = 2560 chips, corresponding to one power-control period.
• The parameter k determines the number of bits per uplink DPDCH/DPCCH slot. k is related
to the spreading factor (SF) in the physical channel. SF = 256/2k.
Structure of the Uplink Physical Channels
Uplink common physical channels
 Physical Random Access channel (uplink PRACH): The physical
random access channel is used to transport RACH. The
transmission of the RACH is based on contention based
scenario.

 PhysicalCommon Packet channel (uplink DPCCH): is used to

transport CPCH
PRACH

Every two frames have 15 access timeslots at an interval of 5120 chips. The information
about the availability of the access timeslot in the current cell is provided by the high-layer
information.
PRACH
Structure of the random access transmission

It includes one or more 4096 chip preambles and a 10ms or 20ms message part.
PRACH

The 10ms message part radio frame is split into 15 slots

Each length of Tslot = 2560 chips.
DPCCH
Structure of the CPCH random access transmission

The mobile station can start transmission at a number of well-defined time offsets, relative to
the frame boundary of the received BCH of the current cell.
Architecture of the Downlink Physical
Channels
Downlink dedicated physical channels

 Synchronization Channel (SCH)

 Primary and secondary Common Pilot Channel (CPICH).

 Primary and secondary Common Control Channel (CCPCH).

 Downlink Dedicated physical Channel (DPCH).

 Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH).

SCH
Structure of Synchronization channel

Primary SCH (PSC) Secondary SCH (SSC)

• Consists of a modulated code of length 256 • Consists of repeatedly transmitting a length 15
chips. sequence of modulated codes of length 256
• Transmitted once every slot. chips.
• The PSC is the same for every cell in the system. • Transmitted in parallel with the primary SCH.
• Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different
codes of length 256.
CPICH
CPICH is a fixed-rate downlink physical channel that carries a predefined bit/symbol
sequence (30 Kbps, SF=256). There are two types of common pilot channels, the
primary and secondary CPICH.

Primary CPICH Secondary CPICH

• Uses the same channelization code. • Zero, one, or several per cell;
• Scrambled by the primary scrambling code. • May be transmitted over only a part of the cell;
• One per cell. • A secondary CPICH may be the reference for
• Broadcast over the entire cell. the secondary CCPCH and the downlink
• The primary CPICH is the phase reference for DPCH. If this is the case, the mobile station is
the SCH, primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH. It is informed about this by higher-layer signaling.
also the default phase reference for all other
downlink physical channels.
CCPCH
Frame structure for primary CCPCH

The primary CCPCH is a fixed-rate downlink physical channels used to carry the BCH (30
Kbps, SF=256).
CCPCH
Frame structure for secondary CCPCH

The secondary CCPCH is used to carry the FACH and PCH.

The main difference between the primary and secondary CCPCH, is that the secondary
CCPCH can support variable rate, while primary CCPCH has a fixed predefined rate.
DPCH
Frame structure for downlink DPCH

On the DPCH, the dedicated transport channel is transmitted time multiplexed with control
information generated at layer 1 (known pilot bits, power-control commands, and an optional
transport-format combination indicator).
DPSCH
Frame structure for downlink DPCH

The physical downlink shared channel is used to carry the downlink shared
channel. It is shared by users based on code multiplexing.
10. Main Procedures in physical layer
of air interface
10.1 Cell Search Operations
During the cell search, the mobile station searches for a cell and determines the
downlink scrambling code and common channel frame synchronization of that cell.

The cell search is typically carried out in three steps: slot synchronization, frame
synchronization and code group, and scrambling code identification.

1. Slot Synchronization:
2. frame synchronization and code group
3. Scrambling Code Synchronization
Cell Search Operations
3. Scrambling Code Synchronization:
During the third step, the mobile station determines the exact primary scrambling code used
for the found cell. The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-by-
symbol correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the code group identified in the
second step. After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the primary CCPCH can
be detected, the system and cell specific BCH information can be well read.
10.2 Paging procedure
After registering a network, the user equipment (UE) is allocated to a paging group. If
there is paging information sent to any UE belonging to this paging group, the Paging
Indicator (PI) will appear periodically in the Paging Indicator Channel (PICH).

After detecting the PI, the UE will decode the next PCH frame transmitted in the S-
CCPCH to check whether there is paging information sent to it.
10.3 Random Access Procedure
During the random access procedure of the WCDMA system, the near/far effect should
be suppressed, because the power required for sending is unknown in the initialization
transmission.

The RACH of UTRAN has the following operation procedures:

• The UE decodes the BCH.
• The UE selects a RACH sub-channel randomly.
• The UE measures the downlink power level.
• the UE decodes the AICH.
• After detecting the AICH of the base station, the UE begins to send 10ms or 20ms
messages transmitted by the RACH.
10.4 Access Procedure of the CPCH
To reduce collision and interference, the CPCH Status Indication Channel (CSICH), is added in
the new protocol version for the CPCH. The CSICH is an independent channel of the BS for
transmission, it has indicator bits to indicate different CPCH status.

• First, the long-time transmission requires the collision detection mechanism of the physical
layer.

• Secondly, the fast power control of the CPCH helps reduce the interference caused by data
transfer, at the same time, it also emphasizes the importance of adding collision detection
mechanism into the CPCH.

Why is the CPCH required to use the collision detection mechanism, while not
required in the RACH?
When the CSICH is occupied, it avoids a unnecessary access attempt so that the throughput
of the CPCH is enhanced. Only when the CSICH indicates that free CPCH part is available,
10.5 Transmit Diversity
Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD),
based on space and time block codes
the open loop transmit diversity, adopts in the Space Time Transmit Diversity
(STTD) based on the space and time block codes.
Transmit Diversity
Time Switched Transmit Diversity, (TSTD) used for the SCH.

In the UTRAN, is optional used the TSTD for the SCH. But on the UE, is mandatory
to support for the TSTD.
Transmit Diversity
Closed loop transmit diversity

An important key in closed loop transmit diversity is calculation of the weighting factors,
according to different calculation methods of weighting factors, it is divided into the
following two modes:

 Mode 1 uses phase justification:

The dedicated pilot symbols
(orthogonal) used by the two
antennas to transmit DPCCH are
different.
 Mode 2 uses phase/amplitude
justification: The dedicated pilot
symbol used by the two antennas
to transmit DPCCH are the same.
11. UMTS terrestrial interfaces /
protocols and architecture
WCDMA Protocols
The concept of WCDMA Network Management System (NMS), construction is based on the
TMN management framework, later integrates the TOM theory presented by TMF. The building
of 3G NMS is generally based on the 3GPP 32 series protocols. The following are some common
NMS-related protocols:

32101-311 protocol: Describes the basic principles and requirements of 3G telecommunication

management.
32102-311 protocol: Describes the 3G management framework.
32104-311 protocol: Describes the 3G performance management.
32105-311 protocol: Describes the 3G billing.
32106-301 protocol: Describes the 3G configuration management.
32111-301 protocol: Describes the 3G fault management.
33102-340 protocol: Describes the 3G security management (security framework).
33103-320 protocol: Describes the 3G security management (security guide).
11.1 WCDMA Management System
(NMS)

The basic model consists of multiple layers, each layer corresponding to a different management
mode, interconnected via an interface..
11.2 UMTS interfaces and architecture
11.3 UMTS Protocols
11.4 Protocols of each interface

• Uu

• lub

• luCS

• luPS

• lur
Uu
The Uu interface provides interconnection between RNC and User Terminal
via the Node B. The Uu interface is offered as integration of RRC, RLC/MAC
and Iub Framing Protocol.

Only the Uu interface uses WCDMA technology, the others interfaces are implemented
using ATM or IP.
lub – ATM Transport option
lub – IP Transport option
luCS – ATM Transport option
luCS – IP Transport option
luPS – ATM Transport option
luPS – IP Transport option
lur – ATM Transport option
lur – IP Transport option
12. UMTS signaling and procedures
(paging, call process, handover, location update, etc)
WCDMA signaling and procedures
Introduction

In UMTS system there are various signaling procedures that can be

approached by two ways:

 Protocol Stack Plane

 Access Stratum

 Non-Access Stratum

 Network Architecture Plane

 CS Domain

 PS Domain
 12.1 Calling Procedure
Case : Mobile Originated call Procedure

Non Access Stratum : MM/SM/CC/SMS

AS : RRC AS : RANAP

UTRAN CN
Swich on : AS: PLMN Selection, Cell Selection, RRC Concepton Setup, Iu Connection Setup

MM Procedures of NAS : Attach, Security Functions, Location Managment ;

Start Service : Call Control Produces of CS, Selection Managment Produces of PS, set up the service bearer

Finish Call Control Produces of CS, Selection Managment Produces of PS, release the service bearer
Service :
Switch off : MM Procedures of NAS : Detach ( includes the IMSI Detach, GPRS Detach )

AS : Connection Release Iu Connection Release

 Called Procedure
Case: Mobile terminated call procedure

Non Access Stratum : MM/SM/CC/SMS

AS : RRC AS : RANAP

UTRAN CN
IDLE State : NAS : Paging Procedure Initiated by CN

AS : RCC Conection Setup In Conection Setup

MM Procedures of NAS : Security Functions

Start Service : Call Control Produces of CS, Selection Managment Produces of PS, set up the service bearer

Finish Call Control Produces of CS, Selection Managment Produces of PS, release the service bearer
Service :
IDLE State : AS : RRC Connection Release Iu Connection Release
12.2 Paging
Paging is originated by the Core Network
Paging
 UE RRC Idle state
Paging
RRC Connected state
12.3 Location Update Procedure
Message Flow
12.4 Handover Procedure
Soft Handover diagram
The following types of handover are supported by the WCDMA
• Soft Handover
• Softer Handover
• Inter-system Handover.
 13. RRM (Radio Resource Management)
Handover, admission control, congestion control, power
and resources control
13.1 RRM: Power Control
RRM: Power Control
Power control classification:

Open loop power control (OLPC) is Closed loop power control (CLPC)
used to determine the initial adjusts the transmission power
transmission power dynamically and continuously
during the connection.
RRM: Power Control
Power control for physical channels

Closed Loop Power Control

Physical Open Loop
Channel Power Control Inner Loop Power Outer Loop Power
Control Control
DPDCH √ √ √
DPCCH √ √ √
SCH × × ×
PCCPCH × × ×
SCCPCH × × ×
PRACH √ × ×
AICH × × ×
PICH × × ×
13.2 RRM: Handover
Intra-frequency handover procedure is divided into three phases:
measurement phase, decision phase, and execution phase.

Measure the CPICH Ec/No ( or RSCP ) of

Meassurement
the cells in the active set ( monitor set ) phase
and its neighboring cells
No
Are handover criteria
Decision phase
satisfied ?
Yes
Performs a handover udate relative
Execution phase
parameteres
Classification of Handover in UMTS

Intra frequency soft handover:

• Intra-NodeB soft handover (or softer handover)
• Intra-RNC inter-NodeB soft handover
• Inter-RNC soft handover

Intra frequency Hard handover:

• In some specific scenarios
Intra-frequency Soft Handover

Item Softer Handover Soft Handover

When the EU is in the overlapping
When the EU is in the overlapping
coverage area of two neighboring
Scenario coverage area of two neighboring cells
cells of a NodeB whit combined
of different NodeBs
RLs

Uplink signal Using maximum-ratio combination Using selection combination

Downlink signal Using maximum-ratio combination Using maximum-ratio combination

Resource use Occupying less lub bandwidth Occupying more lub bandwidth
Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Intra-frequency hard handover uses less resources compare to intra-frequency
soft handover.

 Scenarios of intra-frequency hard handover:

No lur interface between RNCs
lur interface is congested
Soft handover failure
Soft Handover Overview (SHO)
SHO events are defined by three parameters: reporting range, Hysteresis and time to
trigger.
Intra-frequency Handover Decision
and execution
Event Decision and Execution

When receiving an event 1A report, the RNC decides whether

1A to add a cell.

When receiving an event 1B report, the RNC decides whether

1B to delete a cell.

When receiving an event 1C report, the RNC decides whether

1C to change the worst cell.
Intra-frequency Handover Decision
and execution
Event Decision and Execution

As stipulated in related protocols, an event 1D report includes

information about only one cell. This cell can be listed in an active
set or a monitored set. The RNC learns that the quality of this cell is
better than that of the serving cell and takes one of the following
actions: If the reported cell is in the active set, the RNC decides
whether to change the best cell or reconfigure measurement control.
If the reported cell is in the monitored set, then: If the number of cells in
1D the active set has not reached the maximum value, the RNC adds the
cell to the active set. If the number of cells in the active set has reached
the maximum value, the RNC replaces the worst cell in the active set
with the reported cell. The best cell is changed to the reported cell. The
RNC determines whether the intra-frequency hard handover scenarios
are applicable. If any scenario is applicable, the RNC performs an
intra-frequency hard handover.
Typical Soft Handover message flow
Triggered by 1A, 1B, 1C or 1D events
Typical Hard Handover flow
Triggered by 1D event
Intra – Frequency Handover Sample
Reasons to trigger an Inter- frequency
Handover
The carrier of the current cell and target cell are different

Load sharing
f1 f1 f1 f1
handover
f2 f2 Coverage
handover

f3 f3 f3 f3 Coverage
handover

Inter-frequency handover can be categorized into 3 types depending on the reason

to trigger it (and the scenario):
1. Coverage-based inter-frequency handover
2. QoS based inter-frequency handover
3. Load-based inter-frequency handover
Inter-frequency Handover
Measurements events

Event Description

The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain

2D threshold

The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain

2F threshold

The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain

2B threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a
certain threshold
Inter – Frequency Handover Sample
Inter-RAT Handover Scenarios
Inter-RAT handover refers to the handover performed between 3G network
and 2G network. ( and between 3G and 4G)

PS handover
Cell reselection to
GPRS/EDGE
3 G 3G coverage G
CS handover n to t o3
t io ion
le c c t
l rese s ele
l e
Ce ll r
Ce

2G
ve r to
and o 2G coverage only
H
Inter-RAT Handover Types
Based on the triggering causes of handover, Intra-RAT can be categorized into 4
types:

Urban Rural

GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM

Handover WCDMA
WCDM WCDM WCDM → GSM
A A A for coverage extension
Handover GSM ↔ WCDMA
for load sharing reasons

1. Coverage-based 3G to 2G handover
2. QoS-based 3G to 2G handover
3. Load-based 3G to 2G handover
4. Service-based 3G to 2G handover
Inter-RAT Handover Types Load-Based

LDR algorithm makes a decision to perform

an inter-RAT hanover Triggering phase

Perform an inter-RAT hanover measurement

based on a load Measurement phase

Wait the event 3C reported

Decision phase

Performs an inter-RAT handover and update

relarted parameters Execution phase
Inter-RAT Handover Types: Service-Based

RNC requests a handover of the service to

GSM Triggering phase

Perform an inter-RAT hanover measurement

based on service Measurement phase

Wait the event 3C reported

Decision phase

Performs an inter-RAT handover and update

relarted parameters Execution phase
13.3 RRM: Admission Control
Load measurement: load control function in the WCDMA system

Load control algorithm

UE NodeB RCN CN

Uu lub lu
Admission Control
Three kinds of priorities involved in load control:

A) User priority: mainly applying to provide different QoS for different users.
B) RAB integrated priority: priority of a service
C) User integrated priority: only used for multi-RAB user

The QoS of the services or users with low priority will be affected by the load
control algorithms first.
Admission Control: User Priority

User priority Gold Silver Copper

 Gold (high priority)

Uplink 384kbps 128kbps 64kbps
 Silver (middle priority)
Downlink 384kbps 128kbps 64kbps  Copper (low priority)

Typical relation between user priority and ARP

ARP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
User
Priority
Gold Silver Copper
Admission control: RAB Integrated
Priority
RAB integrated priority are set according to:

 ARP

 Traffic Class

 Traffic handing priority (THP, only for interactive services)

 Carrier types: HSPA or DCH

 An Example for RAB Integrated
Priority Based on ARP, HSPA priority is higher

Service ID ARP Traffic Class Bear type

B 1 Interactive HSDPA
Services attribution in the cell A 1 Interactive DCH
C 2 Conversational DCH
Service ID ARP Traffic Class Bear type
D 2 Background DCH
A 1 Interactive DCH
B 1 Interactive HSDPA
C 2 Conversational DCH Service ID Traffic Class ARP Bear type
D 2 Background DCH
C Conversational 2 DCH
B Interactive 1 HSDPA
A Interactive 1 DCH
D Background 2 DCH

Based on Traffic Class, HSPA priority is higher

Admission control: User Integrated
Priority
For single-RAB user: the user integrated priority is the same as the RAB
integrated priority

For multiple-RAB user: the user integrated priority is based on the highest
priority of RAB

A user may have multiple RABs, and the RABs may have different
priorities: In this case, the highest priority is taken as the priority of this
user
Admission control:
Why do We Need CAC?
WCDMA is an interference limited system, after a new service is admitted,
the system load will be increased
If a cell is high loaded, a new service will affect the QoS of ongoing user,
even result in call drop

CAC is used to determine whether the system resources are sufficient to

accept a new user's access request or not
CAC is needed under such scenarios:
 RRC connection setup request
 RAB admission decision
 Handover
 Rate reconfiguration
CAC Procedure
Admission request
Y
N
Code-based admission successful ?
Y
N
Power-based admission successful ?
Y
NodeB credit-based admission N
successful ?
Y
Lub resource-based admission N
successful ?
Y
Ladmission based on the number of N
HSPA userssuccessful ?
Y
Resource-based a Resource-based
dmission successful ? admission successful ?
Example: CAC Based on Code
Resource
Code resource CAC is involved in:
 RRC connection setup
 Handover
 Non-AMR service
 AMR service

RRC connection setup and handover have higher priority

 13.4 RRM: Congestion Control
LCC (Load Congestion Control)
Load

100%
Section A Overload state: OLC

THOLC
Section B Basic congestion state:
LDR
THLDR

Section C Normal state

Congestion control: LDR Principle
Reason to use LDR:
 When the cell is in basic congestion state, new coming calls could be
easily rejected by system

Purpose of using LDR:

 Optimizing cell resource distribution
 Decreasing load level, increasing admission successful rate

Triggering of LDR:
 Power, code, Iub or NodeB credit
LDR Triggering - Power Resource
Congestion control : OLC Principle

Reason to use OLC:

 In overload congestion state, the system is not stable

Purpose of using OLC :

 Ensuring the system stability and making the system back to the normal
state as soon as possible

Triggering of OLC :
 Power resource and interference
OLC Load Checking
UL/DL load

Overload released
Cell in overload

OLC trigger
threshold

OLC release
threshold

time

RNC periodic check

State transition hysteresis threshold

Triggers of OLC
MML command Parameter name Parameter ID Default value

UL / DL OLC trigger ULOLCTRIGTHD

95%
ADD / LST / MOD threshold DLOLCTRIGTHD
CELLLDM UL / DL OLC release ULOLCRELTHD
90%
threshold DLOLCELTHD

Check the load of the serving

periodically

Is the load higher than N Is the load lower than

overload congestion trigger overload congestion trigger
threshold release threshold
Y Y

Take actions to release congestion End load adjustement

Conclusions
 The 3G offers an ample group of services multimedia and high quality voice service.

 WCDMA has a flexible multi-rate transmission scheme that enables transmission of

different types of services using different data rates and quality of service parameters.

 Since UMTS rel 7 smart antennas techniques has been used aditional to othe
enhanecement that prepared the evolution from 3G to 4G

 UMTS architecture allows the offering of different types of services like CS services and
PS services, with different QoS

 Radio Resource Management in UMTs isvery important because it is responsible for the
management of the power, codes, access to the medium ant others, which have a direct
impact over the user experience
End Section 2