FORM 5 : BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 6
VARIATION
VARIATION
• Difference in characteristics that exist in individuals of the same
species.
• Variation can exist in human, animals and plant.
• Variation in human can be classified as CONTINOUS and
DISCONTINOUS VARIATION
CONTINOUS VARIATION
• Variation that shows small differences of characteristics from 1
individuals to another.
• Have intermediate characteristics
• Quantitative (can be measure)
• Affected by genetic & environment
• Control by many genes
• Ex : weight, height, skin colour
DISCONTINOUS VARIATON
• Variation that shows big @ distinct difference in characteristics in an
individuals to another.
• No intermediate value@ characteristics
• Qualitative (cannot be measure)
• Control by a specific @one gene
• Affected only by genetic.
• Not affected by environment
• The caharacteristic is permanent
• Ex : ability to roll tongue, fingerprint
Types of fingerprint
FACTORS AFFECTING VARIATION
• Variation can be affected by environment and genetic.
• Variation that affected by genetic can be pass to the next generations.
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS : nutrition, weather, climate
• types of soil, topography (plant)
• GENETIC FACTORS : crossing over, independent assortment, random
fertilization and mutation
FACTORS AFFECTING VARIATION
ENVIRONMENT GENETIC
- Climate
- Types of soil CROSSING OVER RANDOM
- Nutrient
- Types of soil
FERTILISATION
INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT MUTATION
EXTRA 1
CHANGE IN NUMBER CHROMOSOMAL
LACK 1 MUTATION GENE MUTATION
CHANGE IN STRUCTURE
DELETION DUPLICATION INVERSION TRANSLOCATION
CROSSING OVER (prophase 1)
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
(metaphase I)
RANDOM FERTILISATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVE :
• At the end of the class, you should be able to :
1) Explain mutation
2) Explain the importance of variation in the survival of species
MUTATION
• Random, spontaneous and permanent change that occurs in
chromosome and gene.
• 2 types – chromosomal mutation and gene mutation
• Can caused by :
Chemical and physical agent (mutagen)
Mistakes that occur during DNA replication (gene mutation)
Uneven distribution of chromosome during cell division ( due to
spindle fibre fail to form or contract)
GENE MUTATION
• Defect in gene
• Also due to deletion, duplication and translocation
• Examples : haemophilia, sickle cell anemia, albinism,polydactylism
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
• CHANGE IN NUMBER OR CHANGE IN STRUCTURE.
• CHANGE IN NUMBER IS MOST LIKELY DUE TO NON SEGREGRATION OF
CHROMOSOME.
• CAUSE ONE GAMETE TO HAVE EXTRA 1 CHROMOSOME AND
ANOTHER GAMETE TO HAVE LACK 1 CHROMOSOME.
• WHEN THE ABNORMAL GAMETE FUSED WITH NORMAL GAMETE, THE
OFFSPRING WITH MUTATION WILL FORM.
DOWN SYNDROME
• Due to non segregration of chromosomes no 21.
• Cause the individual to have extra 1 chromosome made up total no of
chromosome is 47.
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
• Due to non segregration of sex chromosome
• Cause the person to have extra X chromosome -XXY
TURNER SYNDROME
• Lack 1 sex chromosome – XO
• Total no of chromosome -45
CHANGE IN STRUCTURE
• DELETION
• DUPLICATION
• INVERSION
• TRANSLOCATION
DELETION (CRI-DU-CAT)
DUPLICATION (CHARCOT-MARIE-
TOOTH)
INVERSION (CHROMOSOME 9
INVERSION)
-molar pregnancies / spontaneous abortion
TRANSLOCATION (JACOBSEN
SYNDROME)
IMPORTANCE OF VARIATION
• Adapt toward surrounding
• To increase the survival of the species
CAMOUFLAGE IN ORGANISM
APPLICATION OF BIOLOGY
CONCEPT…
QUIZ :
1) Define mutation
Changes that occurs at the structure
of gene and chromosome
2) State 2 types of mutation
- Chromosomal mutation
- Gene mutation
3) State the types of mutation below
Deletion
4) Explain the importance of
variation
•To adapt toward surrounding
•To increase the survival of species
