D/f between parliamentary and presidential form

of govt.
IN A PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM, THE HEAD OF THE GOVERNMENT LEADS AN
EXECUTIVE, THAT IS DISTINCT FROM THE LEGISLATURE. HERE, THE HEAD OF
THE GOVERNMENT AND THE HEAD OF THE STATE ARE ONE AND THE SAME.
ALSO, A KEY FEATURE IS THAT THE EXECUTIVE IS NOT RESPONSIBLE TO THE
LEGISLATURE.
FEATURES OF THE PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
THE EXECUTIVE (PRESIDENT) CAN VETO ACTS BY THE LEGISLATURE.
THE PRESIDENT HAS A FIXED TENURE AND CANNOT BE REMOVED BY A VOTE
OF NO-CONFIDENCE IN THE LEGISLATURE.
GENERALLY, THE PRESIDENT HAS THE POWER TO PARDON OR COMMUTE
JUDICIAL SENTENCES AWARDED TO CRIMINALS.
THE PRESIDENT IS ELECTED DIRECTLY BY THE PEOPLE OR BY AN ELECTORAL
COLLEGE. 
 Parliamentary System of Government
 India chose a parliamentary form of government primarily because the constitution-makers were greatly
influenced by the system in England. Another reason the founding fathers saw was that the parliamentary
model would only work to accommodate the varied and diverse groups within our population. Also, the
strict separation of powers in the presidential system would cause conflicts between the two branches, the
executive and the legislature, which our newly-independent country could ill-afford.
 There are more parliamentary forms of government in the world than there are presidencies. In this system,
the parliament is generally supreme and the executive is responsible to the legislature. It is also known as
the Cabinet form of government, and also ‘Responsible Government’.
 Features of the parliamentary system
 Close relationship between the legislature and the executive: Here, the Prime Minister along with the
Council of Ministers form the executive and the Parliament is the legislature. The PM and the ministers are
elected from the members of parliament, implying that the executive emerges out of the legislature.
 Executive responsible to the legislature: The executive is responsible to the legislature. There is a
collective responsibility, that is, each minister’s responsibility is the responsibility of the whole Council.
 Dual executive: There are two executives – the real executive and the titular
executive. The nominal executive is the head of state (president or monarch) while
the real executive is the Prime Minister, who is the head of government.
 Secrecy of procedure: A prerequisite of this form of government is that cabinet
proceedings are secret and not meant to be divulged to the public. 
 Leadership of the Prime Minister: The leader of this form of government is the
Prime Minister. Generally, the leader of the party that wins a majority in the lower
house is appointed as the PM.
 Bicameral Legislature: Most parliamentary democracies follow bicameral
legislature.
 No fixed tenure: The term of the government depends on its majority support in
the lower house. If the government does not win a vote of no confidence, the
council of ministers has to resign. Elections will be held and a new government is
formed.
 Congress of USA
 It is legislature and bi cameral
 The upper house is called senate and lower house is called house of representative
 Senate represents the states of us
 Each state is represented by two senate
 Number of senate will be 100
 To be member of senate he has to be not less than 30 years of age , citizen of USA and inhabitant of
state he is trying to represent and resident of us for at least 9 years .
 Senate has long term that of six years and house of representative has term of 2 years
 Quorum is the minimum number of member required for a meeting to be held that is 51and
simultenasly .
 Fill buster is the method used sometimes to block a bill and this is perceived by many as a misuse of
freedom of debate .
 The vice president of the United States serves as presiding officer and president of the Senate by 
virtue of that office, and has a vote only if the senators are equally divided. In the vice president's
absence, the president pro tempore, who is traditionally the senior member of the party holding a
majority of seats, presides over the Senate. As the upper chamber of Congress, the Senate has several
powers of advice and consent which are unique to it. These include the approval of treaties, and the
confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, flag officers, regulatory
officials, ambassadors, other federal executive officials and federal uniformed officers.
 If no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president, the duty falls to the Senate to elect one
of the top two recipients of electors for that office. The Senate conducts trials of those impeached by
the House.
 The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative[3] and more prestigious[4][5][6] body than the
House of Representatives due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which
historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere
 The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.
 The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with
the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the
national bicameral legislature of the United States.
 From 1789 to 1913, senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they
represented. They are now elected by popular vote following the ratification of the 
Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. In the early 1920s, the practice of majority and
minority parties electing their floor leaders began. The Senate's legislative and
executive business is managed and scheduled by the Senate majority leader.
 Gerrymandering is one important practice often employed by parties which are in
power incur political benefits by redrawing boundaries of congressional district . They
may redraw the constituencies in such a way that they may get majority of seats by
concentrating the support base of opposition parties in few district.
 House of representative
 The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress, with
the Senate being the upper house. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the 
United States.
 The House's composition is established by Article One of the United States Constitution. The House is
composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts allocated to each state on a basis of
population as measured by the U.S. Census, with each district having one representative, provided that
each state is entitled to at least one. Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly
elected. The number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435.
 The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence
by the Senate, are sent to the president for consideration. The House also has exclusive powers: it
initiates all revenue bills, impeaches federal officers, and elects the president if no candidate receives a
majority of votes in the Electoral College.[5][6] The House meets in the south wing of the 
United States Capitol.
 The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof (and is the
leader of the majority party). The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus
 or the Republican Conference, depending on whichever party has more voting members.
 speaker
 The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as
the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the 
United States House of Representatives
 . The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives
and is simultaneously the House's presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's
majority party, and the institution's administrative head.
 Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given
these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside
over debates.
 That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party.
Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.