EXERCISE

The diagrams show human’s cutting tools

1.4 million years ago and 80,000 years ago.
EXERCISE
The diagrams show human’s cutting tools
1.4 million years ago and 80,000 years ago.
 OPENING: show = detail

EXERCISE
The diagrams show human’s cutting tools
1.4 million years ago and 80,000 years ago.
cutting cool = a tool for slicing purpose
time gap: 0.6 million years
date (v)
“A difference of 0.6 million years is reflected in the improvement(s) of the cutting
tools detailed in the picture […]”

OVERVIEW: comments on the measurements (dimensions) and the level of

refinement.
- Size/shape: (width x length x thickness)  similar
- “A more refined instrument”

PARAGRAPHING: 2 approaches
1. BODY 1: Tool A; BODY 2: Tool B
2. BODY 2: dimensions; BODY 2: refinement

BODY 1: dimensions / shape

- Width and length (compared to/as opposed to)
- Thickness: negligible difference / thinner (Tool B)
- Shape: Whereas / “something that can be found in nature” (rough) / resemble(s)
an spearhead (has a teardrop/arrowhead shape OR features a arrow-like shape) +
Tool B: boarder, more rounded base.

BODY 2: effectiveness / refinement

“After a period of …, the craftsmanship of prehistoric people has improved
significantly, which is evident by the higher cutting effectiveness of Tool B.”
- Tip: blunt vs pointed tip (allow for better piercing/penetration) OR tapers towards
the tip / be characterized by a more pointy tip
- Surface: rough vs more/better refined + display / craftsmanship / object (undergo)
chiselling and chipping effort
- Edge: Tool B: thinner / sharper
“Moreover, Tool B is upgraded with a finer and better ground edge”
- Durability: Tool A: harder vs fragile

inferior / superior
prehistoric / primitive men
EXER The picture below shows how a hot balloon works.

CISE Opening:
Construction of/ components/ their functions  float
Overview:
First picture: the design of …
Second picture: flight mechanism  thermal regulation/movement of
hot air/ circulation of hot air.
BODY 1:
- At the top/ parachute valve / opens and closes / enable us to
control/regulate the volume and pace at which hot air escapes the
balloon.  Constructed of … flap.
- Inflated envelope will resemble a …/ has an inverted teardrop shape
which tapers towards the bottom.
- An envelope is made from … strips of fabric  sewed  panels
- Skirt -> fixed (made of flame-resistant material  Withstand/renders it
impervious to the extreme heat/temperature)
- Ropes will assist in tying (tie)/securing (secure) upper and lower parts.
- Burner  acts as/serves as/functions as an engine and it powers the
operation …
- Burner  installed onto/mounted onto a metal frame which connects
to the basket.
BODY 2: - Basket  passenger-holding compartment (… cylinders are attached to
- Hot air is yielded from/produced/generated from burning a mixture of … the side)
(the hot air makes the balloon buoyant) / the mixture is fed into .. Combine the use of passive and active forms
- According to physic principles  hot air ? Cool air ? (weigh)  rises Present simple + future simple
towards the top/remains at the bottom. Reduced relative clause (which + v  ving / which + to be + p2  p2)
- By controlling the burner/regulate the intensity of the jet of flame 
ascend and descend
EXERCISE
The diagram below shows how
a shutter camera works Opening:
diagram = illustration/flowchart
Show = demonstrate / depict pentaprism = penta-mirror
the components / parts and the 2-stage workings/mechanism/operation of lens  lenses
eyepiece
Overview: moving up and down
pic1: how a shutter camera is constructed travels (light)
pic2: depicts the mechanism of a shutter camera perpendicular(ly)
operation / rely on / a system of … and electronic components redirected / guided
 The operation of … requires/involves … reach (light)
capture (an image/a picture)
Body 1: 1st stage of taking a … using … store/save (v)
- Light travels through 4 lenses ( different sizes) process (v)
 penetrate / before / meet … allow/enable (v)
- A reflector/a reflecting mirror  perpendicularly deflect/redirect the light into a
pentaprism Then/consecutively/
 When the light hits the reflecting mirror at a 90-degree angle, it will be subsequently/following/next
deflected/redirected into a …
- Penta-mirror  send/guide  light  into our eyes, through an eyepiece -Tense: present simple / future
 The image of the object eventually reaches/hits the observer’s eyes, enabling the simple
observer to perceive the image of the object -Passive vs active
 Once the light from the object reaches the …, the observer can finally perceive the -Connectives
image of the object

Body 2:
-shutter button / press down  mirror moves upward and make way for the light to
hit the CMOS sensor/allow the CMOS sensor / be exposed (flip up  allow/enable
sth to sth)
 If sth happens, sth else will happen
- the captured image  transfer  CPU (to be processed)
- CPU / render the picture
- data / store in a detachable (can be removed) memory card
- At the same time/Simultaneously  the image is also displayed on the LCD screen
on the casing/outter housing of the camera
EXER The diagram below shows how to recycle
organic waste to produce fertiliser (compost).

CISE
EXER The diagram below shows how to recycle
organic waste to produce fertiliser (compost).

CISE
produce
aerated (a)
container
NOTE:
OPENING: inforgraphic / demonstrates / the method to reuse organic waste materials to
produce fertilizer, also known as compost.
cubic meters OVERVIEW:
capacity/volume
The 5-step process can be divided into 2 major stages, the preparation stage and the
air / component
production stage. It is worth noting for the process to be feasible, certain requirements
exposure /
circulation to must be met, namely
penetrate + a container made of plastic with 2 cubic meters in volume / capacity
slots / holes / vents + certain waste materials
(ventilation) +…
puncture BODY 1: Preparation
body / side - Materials / occupy the same space without incurring/undergoing any chemical
drop / deposit (biological) reactions.
layer - “Since air is a indispensable component, to achieve exposure and
sandwich (v) circulation/enable air to penetrate the inner environment, air slots on the
height
side/wall/body of the container must be punctured which will act as vents/provide
mixture /
ventilation.”
compound
- “Following this, 3 layers of materials must be formed, which can be achieved by
cover / seal (v)
lid / seal (n) stacking each 15-centimeter high (15 cm in height) layer on top of each other with
moistened (a) grass being sandwiched between newspaper and food.”
effect (heat) - Materials can be deposited into the container / through / hole at the top.
continuously / BODY 2: Production
perpetually - mixture / by adding (with the addition of) / nitrogen / boiled water.
escape / slots - Subsequently/consecutively / the container will be sealed off/covered with a lid to
vapor prevent excessive (=/= complete) exposure to the outer environment.
organic waste - Under the effect of heat (high temperature) / air vapor / escape / vents.
period - “After a period of 6 months in which the compound is continuously and perpetually
allow sb/sth to
heated, the compost will finally be produced (process / yield / compost / final
convert into
product).
- OR “This time frame allows the compound to be perpetually heated and slowly
converted into …”
- The process / repurpose / organic waste to produce … / useful for gardening
EXERCISE
The diagram below shows the construction of a landfill
OPENING:
illustration / graphically depicts
used/designed for the disposal of household/domestic waste (unwanted substance/refuse)
OVERVIEW:
- a domestic/household sized system
include/consist of … (steps) which can be divided into … (stages)
BODY 1:
hole / be dug in the earth/ground
layer of rock/bed-rock

feature
install/line with sth
a layer of … and …
unspecified synthetic material
prevent (contents = waste that is kept inside) from doing sth
leak into/enter the/penetrate … and pollute the …

toxic liquid/wastewater/fluid waste/liquid contaminant/leachate

a layout/system of pipe (run)
under inner surface
a pipe (lead) to …
lead sth into sth/cause … to flow into
storage compartment/space
drainage tank (contain/hold) sth
for ease of removal

BODY 2:
deposit/put inside
cover up/seal up by a lid (make of) clay
fluid waste (sink to) the bottom and …
waste (convert into) a mud-like compound
The final product, …, is yielded after the waste has degraded over a period of time.
gaseous emission/substance (support) the burning process/(act) as a fuel for the …
(pump out) via a tube/pipe
EXERCISE
The diagrams below show some principles of
house design for cool and for warm climates
Opening: illustration (= diagrams) depicts (= show) how house design varies/differs (= some principles
of house design) to account for the surrounding weather conditions/according to climate (= for cool
and warm climates)
“… shows how housing (space) engineering is designed to adapt to different climate conditions”

Overview:
- be optimized for heat absorption and insulation (house 1) whereas be maximized for heat dissipation
(house 2).
- roof, window and insulation  withstand its respective surrounding/prevailing climate/weather

Body 1: Roof + Window(s)

Roof:
- feature (v, n) = characteristic (n)
- The first design features a … roof (has a … roof)
high-angled = dropping down/sloping down: that slopes down to one side (angled)  provide
maximum sunlight exposure for one side of construction (one side/receive)
- reflective surface  reflect the radiant from the sun
- overhangs to shade/shield the windows from intense sunlight (that extends further)  provide
shading
Window:
- be installed  sun-facing side / a window is placed/positioned to face the direction of the sun 
allow for sunlight to enter/penetrate (increase the temperature of the inner space)
- 2 windows  2 opposite sides / be conducive to ventilation
- at day? at night? (closed vs opened)

Body 2: Insulation + ventilation

Insulation:
- be lined with sth / thick layer of thermal material  insulation (outside/exterior)
- be responsible for heat storage and facilitate(s) heat retention (=prevent(s)/curb(s) heat loss)
- likewise (= similarly)  be covered with a layer …
Ventilation:
“ventilation is a distinct feature, found only in the …”
 uses wind/air circulation/flow
the house below follows/obeys/employs a natural cooling principle/employs a natural cooling method
 as wind passes through the inner space, it cools down the house/by allowing wind to pass through
the …, the construction can be cooled by having its stored heat removed. (decrease temperature)
EXER The diagrams below give information about two
road tunnels in two different cities.
OPENING: diagram = structure/layout/design and intended operation of …
city = urban areas

CISE OVERVIEW:
Which is bigger? Which is older ?- and which costed more to build?

- and specifications (2 pictures on the left)

BODY 1: Design
- Function/purpose: reduce traffic flow/density crossing the river vs
connecting 2 places and accelerating the speed of traffic
- Height:
- Length:
- tunnel 1:
undersea/underwater/immersed tunnel
built underneath the river/built into the river bed, under a body of water
and a layer of sand
- tunnel 2:
directly under the road, beneath a layer of stone and clay + vehicles
operate above

BODY 2: further information (2 pictures on the right)

- Cross section & traffic capacity:
+ accommodate a higher/lower vehicle capacity
+ can hold the traffic volume of 4 lanes
+ 2 tunnels running in parallel
+ 4-lane wide/ 6-lane wide
- Budget:
GRAMMAR: - Using “stretch”: + cost (v, n), budget (n)
- Using “high”, “deep”, “long” in a + bigger/smaller by factor of / be twice in sth / be a half of sth
• Stretches for 2750 kilometers - Construction history
sentence to describe measurements: - “by a factor of X” + to date back to X = to be built in X
• The tower is 200 meters high. + began its construction in X
• A indicator leads by a factor of
• The river is 420 feet deep. + took longer to build?
2 compared to B
• The road is 70 kilometers long.
EXER The diagram below give information about two
road tunnels in one Australian city.

CISE
-

Note: each has a dedicated lane for trucks

EXER The diagrams show the cross-sections of two tunnels, one joining
France and Italy and the other joining two Japanese islands.

CISE
-
EXER The following diagrams show how are pellet
stove and a pellet boiler work to heat the house
OP: regulate/control the indoor temperature (the temperature of a
household)
OV: consists of … components
CISE - feature / complex system of … and …
- create / continuous flow/circulation of water
BODY 1:
- wood pellets / delivery via a truck
- dump/load into PS
- channel into
- incineration/burning process  take place in/occur in …
“Once operated (turned on/fueled), a boiler will burn the pellet to
generate/produce heat which, in turn, raises/increases the
temperature of the water.” (boil/bring the water to a boil)
- run inside the ... and connect … to the …
“Installed/Mounted inside the walls, the pipe layout/system/network
functions as a water delivery/distribution system to connect and supply
water to …”
hot water  pump / 3 separate devices/units
HWT: container / provide / hot water for cleaning/sanitation purposes
R: be responsible for …
- heat up the room / increase the surrounding temperature
UFH: the network of pipe / distribute
“This is the only unit which water runs to and not through.”
BODY 2:
“When the heat has completely dissipated, causing the water
temperature in the pipes to significicant drop until the water is cold
Note: and no longer supports the heating process/emits heat ...”
- Mostly passive voice - cool water / travel (flow) through / the pipes
- Present tense “After cool water has reached the boiler, the process (cycle) is repeated
- This process is followed by, subsequently, consecutively, next, then, once sth …, when and water is reused to provide heating to the household.”
…, after …
EXER
CISE
The diagrams show the structure of a solar panel and its use.
EXER The diagrams show the structure
of a solar panel and its use.

CISE

The picture details the three-dimensional construction, components and notable applications utilizes sunlight to generate/yield hot air and water
of a solar panel. Overall, the solar panel runs on the heat of the sun, following the principle of includes a zigzag pipe to conduct heat / a zigzag pattern
heat absorption. square-shaped metal compartment / rectangular
working principle/mechanism (application)
convert (from solar energy to heat …)
First, a layer of transparent/see-through glass/material is installed atop the solar panel, domestic use
effectively covering the inner housing. Within the said container, there are two tubes leading capture the sun rays
in and out of the solar panel, respectively functioning as an inlet and an outlet (for air and allow .. to penetrate/enter
water to enter and exit). channel / funnel through (passive)
pipe = tube
In the first application, air temperature regulating, as the sun beams hit the surface of the be used for various/a variety of purposes
lid/top
solar panel, the inlet allows air to be pumped in while warm air is discharged/released via the
outlet. The solar panel can also operate as a water heater. In this process/For this use, water be installed on top of sth/fitted atop sth
travels through the panel via the inlet and flows outside via the outlet. Under the heat of Since … runs on …, it is recommended that … be placed
sunlight, water in the tubing located inside the panel will have its temperature slowly under direct exposure for/to ensure maximum efficiency
increased.
EXER
compare/detail
The three pictures below show three - designed based on the topographic nature of a particular location, with the arch bridge clearly having the simplest structure of all.
- Construction design/layout of 3 types/models of bridge that span/cross a body of water
different kinds of bridges. OVERVIEW:
constructed from/of

CISE
Involve/entail

specifications /dimensions:
- Height: C: suitable for bodies of water with shallow/immense depth
- range from / vary from … to
Regarding height, arch and concrete girder bridges can only be respectively raised up to 100m and 300m above water level, whereas the
suspension bridge structure can be built on deep-sea levels

- spaced/positioned/placed [length] apart

- Length:
- Distance between each pier
- pier-less design /
Length: 200M -> 400/2000M -> infinitely
short distance vs a significant length
span a river / cover the distance/length of stretch / stretch
Since the length of the bridge is (entirely dependent on) and directly proportional to the number of piers, in theory, a girder bridge can extend
infinitely.

be anchored at
be rooted in / erected from ...
bank, riverbed, elevated surface / cliffs

bridge clearance =/= height

suitable for / designed for / engineered for
be exclusive to
accommodate
cater for
Allow travel/sail/move under/ pass underneath
mode of maritime transportation/ vessels / ships
The modern suspension bridge can be between 400 and 2000m long and it is possible to build it over very deep seas as long as there is shallow
land for pier structures to link at either end. The distance between piers enables the largest ships to traverse below safely.

C: erected to cross/facilitate the crossing of large water bodies like the sea
A and B: narrower water bodies: lakes and

Chia theo đặc điểm length/height

Chia theo loại cầu: có pier và không pier/support pillars to share the immense weight of the bridge and its traffic capacity /intended load /of
the bridge when loaded.
A suspension bridge is a megastructure that is held up by the use/tension of countless suspension cables connecting the pier to the bridge
passage.

Note: (each body must contain the following

information)
- description (design, components)
- dimensions (length, height) and use (shallow
or deep body of water)
- transport (clearance, modes)
EXER The three pictures below show three
different kinds of bridges. The pictures illustrate three kinds of bridge that are used for
different bodies of water, with a full technical display of the structural

CISE elements and their dimensions. Overall, the three bridges are designed

according to the water body where they are situated, and thus differ
greatly in terms of size and structures.
Lakes with a limited depth are where an arch bridge is constructed. The
arch bridge typically stretches no more than 200 meters in length, with
the center of its arch at a maximum height of 100 meters above the lake
bed, which should allow small ships to maneuver underneath. In the
case of deeper waters like a river, a concrete girder bridge is more
fitting. It consists of an upper deck supported by an unlimited row of
piers below, each of which is spaced at intervals of 200 meters from one
another. The deck provides surface for travelling vehicles on the bridge,
as well as being high enough (300 meters maximum) from the river
bed for middle-size ships to sail through. 
The suspension bridge lends itself more to vast seas of immense depth.
Regarding its structure, two piers of enormous scale are placed from 400
meters to 2000 meters apart, which are further supported by cable
suspenders. The deck held by these piers are placed high enough above
the water to leave room for passing large ships. 
From: ZIM

From: TIW
 OPENING:
The table below shows the costs and yields of
EXER industrial ships and small boats in Marine
Shipping Industry.
- cost = expense
- yield = capacity

OVERVIEW:

CISE - The bigger the ship, the higher the …

- A is directly proportional to B

BODY 1 and 2:
- Modes/means of maritime freight/cargo transport
- container/cargo/freight ship = industrial ship

- Dwarf sth by a ratio of 24 to 1 (24:1)

 The number of … is 24 times as many as that of …, 12,000,000 ships compared to …
 On average, there are 24 small boats for every industrial ship.
 dwarf >< pale in comparison with
 Outnumber by …

- weight = tonnage / load (weight of cargo volume)

- heavier by ...

- carry = ship = deliver

- per annum = per year = annually = on a yearly basis = each year
- food = food product/foodstuff
- exceed/surpass
- trail/lag behind (by a gap of …)
- Are not licensed for industrial cargo transport / permitted
- Operate/run
 If a ... runs/operates at maximum/fullest capacity, it can carry ...

- Higher by a factor of ...

- Cost
 Depending on the size/scale of the ... the annual payroll for the crew/staff may cost from ... to ... (OR:
range from ... to .., be as high/much as ...)
 The operation of a ... costs around ... in employees’ salary per year

- Create/provide job/employment for sb

 The operation of ... worldwide employs upto ... / as many as ...
- Fiftyfold
Note:
- Present simple - Fuel consumption
 It takes ...
- Can