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Understanding Space Weather Effects

The document discusses space weather and its effects. It begins by describing the structure and layers of the Sun, including the core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. It then explains several solar phenomena like sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and solar winds. These phenomena can affect space weather near Earth. Space weather is changes in space conditions caused by solar events. Effects of space weather on Earth include auroras, damage to satellites, corrosion of pipelines, and disruption of power grids.

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Mat Min
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189 views36 pages

Understanding Space Weather Effects

The document discusses space weather and its effects. It begins by describing the structure and layers of the Sun, including the core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. It then explains several solar phenomena like sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and solar winds. These phenomena can affect space weather near Earth. Space weather is changes in space conditions caused by solar events. Effects of space weather on Earth include auroras, damage to satellites, corrosion of pipelines, and disruption of power grids.

Uploaded by

Mat Min
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Space Weather Overview: Introduces the concepts of space weather, its impact on Earth, and sets the stage for understanding solar activities.
  • Activities of the Sun that Affect Earth: Details the sun's activities such as solar flares and their environmental impact on Earth.
  • Earth’s Magnetosphere: Discusses the earth's magnetic field and how it interacts with solar activities to shield the planet.
  • Space Weather and Its Impact on Earth: Explores how space weather induced by solar activities impacts Earth's environment.
  • Effect of Space Weather on Earth: Analyses the concrete effects space weather has on human technology and structures, such as satellites and power grids.
  • Conclusion: Wraps up the discussions by summarizing the key teaching points regarding space weather and magnetospheric phenomena.

CHAPTER 9

SPACE
WEATHER
9.1
ACTIVITIES
OF THE SUN
THAT AFFECT
EARTH
STRUCTURE OF THE
SUN
• Sun is a star
• Sun is a hot ball of glowing gases at the
centre of the Solar system
• 71% hydrogen
• 27% Helium
• 2% Other element
• Average distance sun from the earth is
149, 680,000 km
• Surface temperature 6 000oC and core
temperature is about15 million oC
STRUCTURE OF
SUN
OUTER LAYER
INNER LAYER (SUN’S
CORE ATMOSPHERE)
RADIATION ZONE
PHOTOSPHERE
CONVECTION ZONE
CHROMOSPHERE
CORONA
STRUCTURE OF THE STATEMENT
SUN
CORE CENTRE OF SUN
THE PLACE WHERE NUCLEUS FUSION OCCUR
0C
15 MILLION
RADIATION ZONE COLLECT ENERGY FROM THE CORE
0C
5 MILLION

CONVECTION ZONE TRANSPORT ENERGY TO THE SURFACE OF SUN


0C
2 MILLION
PHOTOSPHERE THE LAYER THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RADIATING HEAT
AND LIGHT FROM THE SUN
0C
6000

CORONA THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF GAS OF SUN’S ATMOSPHERE


AND APPEARS BLUISH WHITE DURING THE TOTAL SOLAR
ECLIPSE
0C
1.5 MILLION
CHROMOSPHERE BRIGHT RED LAYER OF GAS WHICH CAN BE SEEN DURING
THE TOTAL ECLIPSE
PHENOMENA
• GRANULES
• SUNSPOTS
• SOLAR CYCLES
• PROMINENCES
• SOLAR FLARE
• CORONAL MASS EJECTION
• SOLAR WINDS
GRANULE
S
• CLUMP OF GASES FORM IN SUN’
SURFACE DUE TO THE
DIFFERENCE TEMPERTURE
BETWEEN CORE AND
PHOTOSPEHRE

• GRAINY STRUCTURE
SUNSPOTS (AT
PHOTOSPHERE
)
• Dark regions on the surface of sun
that exist in pairs or groups.
• Appear darker because their
temperature is lower than
surrounding areas made up granules.
• The activity of sunspot seems to
appear and disappear according to a
cycles that lasts 11 years known as the
solar cycles
• Droughts occur on earth when the
sunspot become active
(PROMINEN)
• Huge loop or arched column of glowing gases over sunspot out from photosphere to corona
• Consists of plasma, hot gases electric charged of hydrogen and helium
 A prominence is an explosion of hot gas that shoots out from the Sun’s chromosphere with
shiny bright light.
 It can be seen near the edge of the Sun during an eclipse of the Sun.
 A prominence emits charged particles and ultraviolet rays into outer space.
 This phenomenon can take place for a short period even last for several weeks.
SOLAR FLARE
• A column of large amounts of charges gases at
chromosphere erupting from the sun and often
occurs near sunspots.
• Released charged particles as electron &
proton
• Released x ray and gamma ray
• Can cause coronal mass ejection and aurora
CORONAL MASS
EJECTION
• Occurs at corona
• Eruption of huge cloud of plasma occurs
together with solar flare
• Ejection of magnetic gas particles
• Produce aurora
SOLAR WIND
• Release particles in
plasma such as electron,
proton, and alpha
particles to outer space at
high speed.
EARTH’S
MAGNETOSPHERE AND ITS
IMPORTANT
• Is a region of space surrounding an astronomical
object in which charged particles are manipulated
by that object’s magnetic field
• It is created by planets that have active hot iron
and nickel or metallic cores. The motion of
convection currents of molten in the planet’s core
generated a planetary magnetic field.
EARTH’S
MAGNETOSPHERE AND
ITS IMPORTANT
• As biological shield to protect life on
earth from the adverse affect of solar
wind
• Block electrons ,proton and alpha
particles in the solar wind from
reaching earth
• Reduces pressure exerted by solar
wind on Earth’s atmosphere
SHAPE OF
EARTH’S
MAGNETOSPHER
E
• Form by the
interaction between
magnetic field
brought by solar
wind and earth’s
magnetic field
SHAPE OF
EARTH’S
MAGNETOSPHERE

Earth’s magnetic
field
9.2 SPACE
WEATHER
SPACE WEATHER
• Change of environmental conditions in near-
earth space or space from sun's atmosphere to
the earth atmosphere
• Such as solar flare, sunspots and coronal
mass ejection
• Sun’s activities emits various ray and
particles that change space weather
Aurora is formed when a cosmic radiation
composed of charged particles, the protons
and electrons produced by the Sun penetrate
the Earth’s magnetic field and strike atoms
and molecules in Earth’s atmosphere.
THE AURORA

• Charged particles as a result of solar flares reach the North Pole or the
South pole of the Earth and collide with gas molecules in the atmosphere.
• As a result, colourful lights that consist of green, yellow and red lights are
produced.
• These light that can be seen at night are called aurora.
EFFECT OF
SPACE
WEATHER ON
EARTH

• Damage on
satellites
EFFECT OF SPACE
WEATHER ON EARTH

Exposed to the high radiation


OF SPACE
WEATHER ON
EARTH

• Rusting of pipe
EFFECT OF
SPACE
WEATHER ON
EARTH
• Energy of charge
particles can damage
the cable of electrical
grid tower cable.
THE END

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