DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

PREPARED BY: SANSKRITI OJHA

B.Sc.NURSING 4TH YEAR, 9TH YEAR
ROLL NO: 16
 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
“Community Development is a process by which the community
recognizes the real need and implements it in behavior or activities”.
-Murray G.Ross
 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS FOR
A. ADOLESCENTS
Adolescence is the time between childhood and adulthood-
between the ages of 12 to 18 that is marked by growth and
change, and physical and emotional development.
The physical and mental changes are predictable, but that doesn’t
make this age group any easier to understand and communicate
with the physical changes at this age are dramatic, as boys and
girls gradually grow into men and women.
Cont….
• Adolescents are often preoccupied with themselves, and this can
cause anxiety when the changes in development are not always
consistent with those of peers, and the periods of awkwardness don’t
happen to everyone at the same time or in the same way.
 ADOLESCENT HEALTH
• The term adolescence is derived from the Latin word “Adolescere”
meaning to grow, to mature.
• It is considered as a period of transition from childhood to adulthood.
• They are no longer children yet not adults.
• It is characterized by rapid physical growth, significant physical,
emotional, psychological and spiritual changes.
• The problems of adolescents are multi-dimensional in nature and
require holistic approach.
Cont…
• A large number of adolescents in Nepal are still out of school,
malnourished, get married early, working in vulnerable situations, and
are sexually active. They are exposed to tobacco or alcohol abuse.
o Adolescence: 10-19 years
o Early Adolescence: 10-13 years
o Middle Adolescence: 14-16 years
o Late Adolescence: 17-19 years
o Youth: 15-24 years
o Young people: 10-24 years
CHALLENGES IN ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH IN
NEPAL
1. 45% of adolescent girls under nourished
2. 20% of adolescent boys under nourished
3. Early marriage 26% <15 years – girls, 54%<18years
4. 20-30% adolescent boys sexually active
5. 10% adolescent girls sexually active
CONT…
6. 59% adolescents know about condoms
7. 49% adolescents know about contraceptives
8. 4.5% drug abuse
9. 50% of all HIV positive new infections are in the age group of 10-25
years
10. Adolescent abortion 1-4.4 millions
 Early Adolescence(10-13) years
Spurt of growth of development of secondary sex.
 Middle Adolescence(14-16)years
Separate identity from parents, new relationship to peer groups, with
opposite sex and desire for experimentation.
 Late Adolescence(17-19)years
Distinct identity, well formed opinion and ideas. The following
changes are taking place during adolescent period:
1) Biological changes- onset of puberty
2) Cognitive changes- emergence of more advanced cognitive abilities
3) Emotional changes- self image, intimacy, relation with adults and
peer groups
4) Social changes- transition into new roles in the society
SMR(SEXUALLY MATURITY RATING)
• Genitalia stage for boys(G1 to G5)
• Pubic hair stage(PH1 to PH5)
• Breast development for girls(B1 to B5)
 Lack of formal or informal education

School dropout and childhood labour

IMPACT OF
Malnutrition and anemia
ADOLESCENCE

Early marriage, teenage pregnancies

Habits and behaviours picked up during

adolescence period have lifelong impact
 Desire for experimentation

Lot of unmet needs regarding nutrition,

reproductive health and mental health
They require safe and supportive
Cont… environment
Sexual maturity and onset of sexual
activity
Transition from dependence to relative
independence
 Lack of understanding

Inadequate school syallabus about adolescent

Ignorance health
Social frustration
about Sex
and Misdirected peer pressure in absence of
adequate knowledge
Sexuality Lack of recreational, creative, and working
opportunity
Suboptimal support at family level
Reasons for Adolescent reluctant to seek
help

Fear Long waiting time

Lack of privacy Parental consent
Confidentiality Lack of information
Uncomfortable with Feeling of discomfort
opposite health worker Cubersome procedure
Poor quality perception Operational barrier
 Safe sex Skilled based
HEALTH Early marriage health education
Family life
EDUCATI Body image
education
ON Substance abuse
Nutritional
Stress counselling
management
Nutritional
Early diagnosis needs(micronutri
and ents)
management of
medical and Life skill
behavioural education
problem RTI/HIV/AIDS
 Managing emotional stress

Child rearing and responsible

parenthood
CONT…
Problems associated with menstrual
cycle and menstrual hygiene

Development of secondary sexual

characters and menarche
Adolescent • Reproductive Health
Service
• Anticipatory
guidance about
Friendly • Sexual and substance abuse
and other risk
Health Reproductive Health
education taking behaviour
Service • Growth and • Contraception
development • Counselling for life
monitoring skill development
• Prenatal and • Screening for
postpartum care various disorders
• STD/HIV screening • MTP
counselling and • Well baby care
treatment
• Pregnancy testing
option
 Welcoming and friendly nature

Criteria For Have good communication skill

Adolescent
Friendly Maintain confidentiality

Health
Worker Knowledgeable

presentable
 Good listener

Flexibility

CONT… Punctuality

Understanding

Non-judgemental
Criteria for Adolescent Friendly Health
Center

Easy
Good communicati
All facilities Accessibility
reception on to the
outside
 CONT…

CONDUCIVE PRIVACY QUALITY WELL SECURITY

ENVIRONM CARE TRAINED
ENT SERVICE PEOPLE
 “Positive Experiences + Positive
Relationships + Positive Environments =
Positive Youth Development”
“Youth” is best understood as a period of
B. YOUTH transition from the dependence of
childhood to adulthoods independence
and awareness of our independence as
members of a community.
 • “youth” is often indicated as a person
between the age where he/ she may leave
compulsory education, and the age at
which he/she finds his/her first
employment.
CONT… • Youth programs engage young people in
intentional, productive, and constructive
ways while recognizing and enhancing
their strengths.
CONT…

• These programs promote

positive outcomes by
providing opportunities,
fostering positive
relationships, and giving the
support that is needed to
develop young people’s assets
and prevent risky behaviors.
MISSION

To ensure that youth with disabilities are provided full access
to high quality services in integrated settings in order to
maximize their opportunity for employment and independent
living.
Definition of Youth Development
• Youth development is a process which prepares young people to meet
the challenges of adolescence and adulthood through a coordinated,
progressive series of activities and experiences which help them to
become socially, morally, emotionally , physically, and cognitively
competent.
-Adapted from National Youth Employment coalition(NYEC) and NC
WD/Y.
Definition of Youth
Leadership
• Youth leadership is the ability to analyze
one’s own strengths and weaknesses, set
personal and vocational goals, and have
the self-esteem to carry them out.
Why is leadership
programming important to
youth with Disabilities?
Assists young people to become self- sufficient
and productive members of society.
Assists in the development of advocacy (self-
determination) skills
Fosters making informed choices

Exposes youth to role models and leaders with

and without disabilities
Effective program components for all
youth
o Activities that are challenging, interesting and related to everyday life
o Opportunities to participate in decision-making relating to things
youth care about relationships with emotionally supportive adults
o Activities- focused programs with recreational activities
o Opportunities for skill-building
Cont…
o Integration of family, school and community efforts
o Physical and psychological safety
o Positive social norms
o Workforce Investment Act(WIA) and youth Development
 Five basic youth
development areas
comprise many youth
Youth
Development development programs:
Programming • Working
Areas • Learning
• Thriving
• Connecting
• leading
i. working
To develop positive attitudes, skills and
behaviors around occupational and career
direction
Some activities supporting working
 Job shadowing
 Internships
 Entrepreneurships
 Site tours
ii. Learning
• To develop positive basic
and applied academic
attitudes, skills and
behavior
• To develop higher altitude
for academic skill, and the
ability to approach
endeavors with a strategy
to achieve
CONT…
• Some activities supporting learning:
Formal and informal skills assessment
Identification of learning styles and
difficulties
Peer tutoring
iii. Thriving
To develop attitudes, skills and behaviors
demonstrated by maintaining optimal physical and
emotional well-being
Some activities supporting thriving:
 Counselling
 Community resource mapping
 Conflict management skill- building
 Social activities
iv. Connecting
• To develop and maintain positive social
behaviors, skills and attitudes through
relationships with elders, family, peers,
supervisors, and community members.
• Some activities supporting connecting:
Mentoring
Tutoring
Building community networks
Accessing community resources
 v. Leading
• To develop positive skills, attitudes and behaviors around civic/public
involvement and personal goal setting
• Some activities supporting leading:
 Registering to vote
 Volunteering
 Peer mediation activities
 Youth advisory committees
Principles of effective youth
Leadership Programs
1) Help youth learn specific knowledge and skills related to leadership
2) Enable youth to understand the history, values, and beliefs of their
society
3) Facilitate the development of individual strengths and leadership
styles
4) Facilitate the development of ethics, values and ethical reasoning
CONT…
5) Promote awareness understanding and tolerance of other peoples,
cultures and societies
6) Embody high expectations of confidence, and respect for youth
served
7) Emphasize experiential learning and provide opportunities for
genuine leadership
8) Involve youth in service to others
CONT…
9) Facilitate self- reflection and the individual and cooperative
teamwork, and networking experiences with peers
10) Involve youth in collaborative, teamwork, and networking
experiences with peers
11) Involve youth in significant relationships with mentors, positive role
models and other nurturing adults
12) Stated purposes and goals
 c. Senior citizens
• “The senior citizens are the people who are 60 years and above”.
-WHO and Senior citizens Act 2063, Nepal
• The retirement age for military in Nepal is 45 to 48 years for lower
class, for general government service 58 years, and for university
teachers and judiciary service 63 years.(khanal s.,2009)
 CONT…
• The programs intends to promote and improve the quality of life of
older persons through the establishment and provision of basic health
services for older persons, formulation of policies and guidelines
pertaining to older persons, provision of information and health
education to the public, provision of basic and essential training of
manpower dedicated to older persons and the conduct of basic and
applied researchers.
Developmental programs

• Provision of medicines
• Provision of walker, canes, wheelchairs, eye- glasses and health
kits
• Provide medical assistance to senior citizen region wide
• Community –based orientation or senior citizens rights and
privileges
CONT…
• Yearly celebration/ observance of the National Elderly Week
• Reservation of at least two seats in the public vehicle.
• 50%discount in fare rate in public vehicle.
 D. Differently able person
• Differently able person is often described in terms of lack of normal
functioning of physical, mental or psychological processes.
• It is also defined as learning difficulties or difficulties in adjusting
socially, which interfaces with a persons normal growth and
development.
CONT…
• Jhapa, morang, Kathmandu, Kailali, Dang and Chitwan are the top
districts in terms of total number of differently able persons in Nepal.
CONT…
• The purpose of world programme of action concerning differently
able persons is to promote effective measures for prevention of
disability, rehabilitation and the realization of the goals of “full
participation” of disabled persons in social life and development, and
of “equality”. This means opportunities equal to those of the whole
population and an equal share in the improvement in living conditions
resulting from social and economic development.
 Developmental Programs
provide free education
Awareness raise among them, their parents, teachers, schools
management committee on special needs of woman with disabilities
Provide equal opportunity in job
Facilitate safe environment and security
CONT…
• Strong networking and coordination with different agencies and
sectors for strong and effective policies formulation for differently
able persons in each sectors.
• Scholarships schemes for students with disabilities.
• Reservation in government jobs